戚继光对孙膑军队建设思想的继承和发展

戚继光对孙膑军队建设思想的继承和发展主要表现在三个方面.在练将方面,戚继光不仅继承和发展了孙膑的将领优良论,而且详细论述了孙膑所未提及的练将方法;在练兵方面,戚继光不仅继承和发展了孙膑的选兵理论和练士气理论,而且具体论述了如何训练号令、阵法和武艺等问题,这是对孙膑练兵思想的发展;在治军诸因素关系方面,戚继光在继承孙膑思想的基础上,科学地提出了自己的独到见解,从而使其军队建设思想形成了一个系统而完整的体系.     

Effects of consumer perceptions of brand experience on the web: brand familiarity,satisfaction and brand trust

Creating a customer experience that is synonymous with a particular (website) brand is becoming increasingly recognised as a vital driver of e‐performance. E‐tailors are just as likely to try to influence consumers' shopping behaviour, through atmospherics and service, as brick‐and‐mortar stores. This study investigates several questions that have been left unanswered in recent studies of consumer behaviour in the context of internet‐based marketing. Its focus lies in addressing the issue of whether there is a direct relationship between brand experience and brand trust or whether there is an indirect relationship via satisfaction or brand familiarity. The results of an empirical study of e‐consumer behaviour show that brand trust is achieved through the following dimensions operating and interrelating as antecedent constructs: first, various brand experiences and the search for information, secondly, a high level of brand familiarity, and thirdly, customer satisfaction based on cognitive and emotional factors. These findings should assist marketers and academics in their understanding of the development of brand trust in an internet‐based environment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某些影响儿童视觉写实绘画因素的实验研究

与Brenmer等(1997)的实验对照,对4～7岁的儿童考察观察角度的变化方式、模型状态、年龄等与其绘画简单深度关系中视觉写实水平的关系。实验结果表明：年龄是影响儿童绘画简单深度关系中视觉写实水平的重要因素;观察角度变化的两种方式在6～7岁组有显著差异;模型状态对不同性别儿童的绘画成绩影响显著。     

规则顺序与规则类型对儿童规则推理的影响

学前儿童时期是各种推理能力产生和发展的重要时期。本研究采用Frye和Zelazo等（1996）所设计的“二进二出”装置,设置了规则顺序、规则类型的规则推理任务,采用个别实验法,研究了90名3～4岁儿童规则推理能力的发展。在本研究条件下,结果发现：1．当规则呈现顺序不同时,儿童规则推理成绩差异显著,先呈现哪个规则,则利用这个规则进行推理的成绩就较好;2．不同规则类型下儿童的推理成绩差异极其显著,竖直规则下的推理任务更容易;3．3．5～4岁是儿童二维合取规则推理能力发展的快速期。     

老年抑郁症的症状、诊断及测量

对老年抑郁症的症状、诊断和测量的探讨有利于寻找更有效的治疗方法。文章在简要讨论老年抑郁症主要症状以及诊断特点的基础上,重点介绍老年抑郁症的测量工具。文章指出,开展老年抑郁症研究的多学科研究,运用认知神经科学方法深入研究老年抑郁症,制订相对独立的老年抑郁症的分类标准,结合老年抑郁症患者身心特点开发更简便可靠的老年抑郁症量表,将有利于老年抑郁症的进一步研究。     

几何解题过程的眼动及视觉工作记忆模型:OGRE模型

简要介绍了一个几何解题过程的眼动及视觉工作记忆模型——跟动的几何推理引擎模型（OGRE）,对该模型的特点及其在其它认知过程中的应用进行了讨论。     

Construal‐level Mindsets Enhance Behavioral Persistence in Response to Incentive Valence

In this research, we find that incentive valence and construal‐level mindsets can interact to influence behavioral persistence on challenging tasks. An abstract mindset improves persistence in response to positively framed incentives whereas a concrete mindset improves persistence in response to negatively framed incentives. This interaction effect can be observed even when the cues inducing construal‐level mindsets are not related to the incentives or the incentivized tasks. Participants in our studies were either positively or negatively incentivized to solve a set of difficult anagrams, and were primed with an abstract or a concrete mindset using spatial (Study 1) and social (Study 2) cues. The participants persisted longer in response to the positively framed incentive when primed with spatially or socially remote cues. In contrast, for the negatively framed incentive, participants persisted longer when primed with spatially or socially proximal cues. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青少年未来时间洞察力与学业成绩的关系:坚韧性的中介作用

对756名青少年进行问卷调查,考察未来时间洞察力、坚韧性与学业成绩之间的关系。结果发现：（1）未来消极、未来迷茫显著负向预测学业成绩,未来坚持和未来计划能显著正向预测学业成绩;（2）坚韧性在未来时间洞察力的六个维度与学业成绩之间的关系各不相同。具体而言,坚韧性在未来积极和未来清晰与学业成绩之间无中介效应,坚韧性在未来消极与学业成绩之间起部分中介作用,坚韧性在未来迷茫、未来坚持、未来计划与学业成绩之间起完全中介作用。     

Avoiding Disappointment or Fulfilling Expectation: A Study of Gender,Academic Achievement,and Family Functioning among Hong Kong Adolescents

This paper explores the relationship between gender, academic achievement, and family functioning in a Chinese cultural background. Primary and secondary school students (n?=?1597) in Hong Kong participated in a survey questionnaire. Two competing hypotheses are derived and empirically tested based on the idea that parents are likely to have higher expectations toward their sons. First, when boys perform well academically, their parents might not feel particularly overjoyed because their sons simply achieved what they were expected to, which would not affect the parents’ attitudes within the family and thus the boys’ perceptions of the family. Second, when parents have such high expectations for their sons, they would feel particularly satisfied when the outcome fulfills their high expectations. The results indicated that boys did well academically to prevent their parents from potential disappointment, whereas parents were actually happier if their daughters overachieve because they have lower initial expectations. Such differences affected parents’ attitudes, family functioning, and thus adolescents’ view of family. The results of this study carry implications for the study of family functioning and parenting among Chinese families. In particular, parents should avoid having gender-based expectations toward their children, which could adversely affect how boys view their family.     

心理理论的ERP研究:基于多重成分框架的视角

心理理论是社会认知的核心能力之一。现有的心理理论ERP研究以心理理论较为公认的4个成分信念、愿望、意图和情绪为框架,表现出了一些一致性的规律:心理理论相关的脑电成分根据不同的心理理论成分而有所区分;不同心理理论成分诱发的相关脑电出现的位置表现出跨任务的一致性;心理理论的ERP发展研究在儿童身上表现出与成人类似的结果,但也具有时间窗口更长,位置分布更宽广的特性。未来的研究需要设计出更符合ERP研究技术要求的任务范式,并注意心理理论概念结构的完整性,还应探寻心理理论各成分加工的共同电生理基础。