The Father's Body-Shadow and Creativity in the Female

There is in the female a relationship between a positive connection to the father's body and the development of a creative life. Conversely, if a woman has experienced only a negative connection to her father's body, then a life of creative fulfillment will often chide her. In this case, she must be willing to assert her own creative bright shadow in order to rescue her creative life from the dark cave of her father's shadow. Lastly, the inner union of heroic man and creative feminine bright shadow is necessary if a woman is to experience her life as creatively meaningful.     

Developmental and individual differences in visual memory span

The effects of chronological age (5+, 7+, 10+, and adult), articulatory suppression and spatial ability were assessed on three measures (recognition memory, partial recall, and free recall) of visual memory span for patterns, using a procedure devised by Wilson, Scott & Power (1987). Although span increased into adulthood for all three tasks, concurrent articulatory suppression acted to reduce span for the 10-year-old and adult subjects. The ability to generate accurate visuo-spatial representations at retrieval is perfectly well developed by 7 years of age. Speed of response was lengthened for the youngest age group, but was immune to the effects of concurrent articulatory suppression. Good spatial ability was associated with higher span estimates on all tasks, regardless of age. Whilst the data support the existence of a system for representing visual patterns, which increases in capacity with increasing chronological age, the system (or processes accessing it at retrieval) is not immune to verbal recoding strategies. The independent association of spatial ability with span is taken to imply that nonverbal encoding and/or maintenance strategies can act to boost visual span from at least 5 years of age.     

Engaging with change: a process study of family therapy

It is argued that current attempts to investigate the process of family therapy might benefit from the application of discursive and narrative analytic techniques. An example of such an analysis is given, taking the work of an experienced family therapist with one family seeking help in dealing with the aftermath of a marital separation.' The theme of how to deal with change'as it materializes in the discussions during therapy is selected for detailed examination in this paper. It is argued that there are two main discourses on this theme evident in the family's discussions, one being that the separation has occurred and its consequences should now he left to arise naturally; the other being that the effects of the separation need to be actively managed. It is suggested that this analytic procedure can dramatize the subtle changes in family discourses during therapy; its limitations in terms of generalizability, and the difficulties of dealing with huge amounts of complex material, are also noted.     

Helping Clients Move Toward Constructive Change: A Three-Phase Integrated Counseling Model

This article presents a 3-phase integrated counseling model that draws from object relations and attachment theory for assessment and uses cognitive behavioral techniques to promote constructive client change. A case vignette is presented to illustrate implementation of the model.     

Contribution of Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex to the Acquisition and Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Rats

The ventrolateral, agranular insular portion of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in rats is involved in visceral functions and has been shown to be involved in emotional processes. However, its contribution to aversive learning has not been well defined. Classical fear conditioning has been a powerful tool for illuminating some of the primary neural structures involved in aversive emotional learning. We measured both the acquisition and the extinction of conditioned fear following lesions of the ventrolateral PFC of rats. Lesions reduced fear reactivity to contextual stimuli associated with conditioning without affecting CS acquisition, and had no effect on response extinction. Ventrolateral PFC may normally be involved in the processing of contextual information while not being directly involved in extinction processes within the aversive domain.     

Choice of extinction-signalling stimuli by rats

Rats in a two-lever situation were exposed to alternating periods of intermittent reinforcement and extinction. Extinction periods were either unsignalled or were signalled by a response-produced stimulus. The signal was sometimes a stimulus paired with food delivery in the reinforcement periods and sometimes a stimulus that occurred only in extinction periods. Both kinds of signal accelerated extinction relative to the unsignalled condition. When the signal was the stimulus paired with food in reinforcement periods, the rats tended to prefer the lever that gave that signal even though the signal accelerated extinction. There was no comparable effect for the stimulus that occurred only in extinction periods; when this signal was contingent on only one of the two levers, the rats either avoided it (Experiment 3) or were indifferent (Experiment 4). It is concluded that a stimulus can be a “secondary reinforcer” as measured by preference, even though it decreases resistance to extinction; the implications are discussed with reference to formal theories of choice behavior.     

Intimacy of disclosure topics and sex differences in self-disclosure

A 25-item self-disclosure questionnaire with items scaled for intimacy level was given to 32 male and 32 female college students. It was hypothesized that males would report disclosing less than females concerning intimate topics while there would be no sex differences in disclosure on nonintimate topics. The hypothesis was supported by the data. The results demonstrate that scoring self-disclosure scales by summing across all items can mask sex differences in disclosure patterns. Results are interpreted as supporting the assertions of several theorists that males reveal less personal information about themselves than do females.     

Learning deficits and activity changes: A partial laboratory model in postencephalitic rats for studies of brain damage

Rats ranging from 8–21 days of age were inoculated in the right cerebral hemisphere with St Louis encephalitis virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Mumps virus however, was injected at age one day. When very young rats were injected with these viral preparations, fatal encephalitis usually developed. Rats injected at ages of more than two weeks showed little or no clinical signs of infection. When inoculated at ages between these extremes, clinical disease developed in most rats but many survived. Physically most of these surviving animals appeared to be normal, but when tested at maturity in a rather complex maze, they showed a marked reduction in learning ability. Tilting-cage-type activity measurements taken overnight with the Murray Valley encephalitis group also indicated that most of the postinfectious rats were hyperactive. These data imply that such a laboratory model might be related to similar hyperactivity and learning disabilities seen in certain types of minimally brain damaged children. A viral-sex interaction often seen in earlier studies is also noted in our animals injected at younger ages.