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181.
Associations between behavioral inhibition and activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, a stress-sensitive neuroendocrine system indexed by salivary cortisol, have varied widely across studies. In the current study, we examined the role of peer social experiences in moderating patterns of association between inhibition/risk-aversion and cortisol reactivity. As expected based on previous research, preschool children (N = 165, 78 boys, 87 girls, 3.0-5.0 years) had significantly different social experiences in their preschool classrooms depending on temperament. Highly inhibited/risk-averse children were less socially integrated, less dominant, and less involved in aggressive encounters than both average and highly exuberant/risk-seeking children, but they were no more likely to be peer rejected. Highly exuberant children were more dominant, exhibited anger more often, and had friendships characterized by higher conflict. Cortisol levels fell from fall to spring for average and highly exuberant children but not for highly inhibited children. Unexpectedly, for highly inhibited children, having friends and being more dominant and popular than other highly inhibited children was associated with increasing cortisol levels over the school year. In contrast, highly exuberant children who were less socially integrated than other highly exuberant children maintained higher cortisol levels. Results indicate that the types of social experiences that affect stress-responsive biological systems may differ markedly for highly inhibited and highly exuberant children. 相似文献
182.
Lang R Regester A Mulloy A Rispoli M Botout A 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(3):623-628
We evaluated a behavioral intervention for a 9-year-old girl with selective mutism. The intervention consisted of role play and video self-modeling. The frequency of spoken initiations, responses to questions, and communication breakdowns was measured during three social situations (i.e., ordering in a restaurant, meeting new adults, and playing with new children) and in three community settings. Results demonstrated increases in spoken initiations and responses and decreases in communication breakdowns across all situations and settings. 相似文献
183.
Two studies tested the effect of humor, embedded in learning materials, on task interest. College student participants (N
Study 1 = 359, N
Study 2 = 172) learned a new math technique with the presence or absence of humor in the learning program and/or test instructions.
Individual interest in math was measured initially and also tested as a factor. The results showed that the effect of humor
in the learning program depended on individual interest in math. Humor raised task interest for those with low individual
interest in math but slightly lowered task interest for those with high individual interest in math. Mediating variables of
this effect were tested across both studies. Although the mediating variables showed inconsistency, humor may affect task
interest through affective responses immediately following the instruction, rather than in subsequent interaction with the
task. 相似文献
184.
185.
Michael M. Steele Amanda S. Lochrie Michael C. Roberts 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2010,17(2):103-115
Often the burden of identifying children with behavioral or developmental problems is left up to the primary care physician
(PCP). However, previous literature shows that PCPs consistently underidentify children with developmental/behavioral problems
in pediatric primary care. For the current study, questionnaires containing three vignettes followed by questions addressing
common psychosocial problems, general questions about their practice and training, and the Physician Belief Scale were distributed
to physicians. Results indicated that physicians were better at identifying severe problems, had more difficulty identifying
psychosocial problems with mild symptomatology, and tended to refer to a medical specialist or mental health professional
more often for severe problems, depression or a developmental problem. Physicians tended to view treating psychosocial problems
favorably. 相似文献
186.
This study’s purpose was to use confirmatory factor analysis to compare published factor-analytic models of the 20-item Purpose in Life test (PIL) to identify the one that provides the best fit to the data. To date many different models have been described, with limited evidence to support whether they are replicable. This study utilized data from undergraduates (N = 620) from a medium-sized university located in the southern United States. Ten different PIL models were tested, with support found for the two-factor model (exciting life, purposeful life) of Morgan and Farsides. Recommendations and implications for research are provided. 相似文献
187.
Françoise S. Maheu Mary Dozier Amanda E. Guyer Darcy Mandell Elizabeth Peloso Kaitlin Poeth Jessica Jenness Jennifer Y. F. Lau John P. Ackerman Daniel S. Pine Monique Ernst 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):34-49
Previous research findings have linked caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect with sensitivity to threatening cues. The present preliminary study investigated whether dysfunctions of the medial temporal lobe could underlie these associations. Using fMRI, we measured medial temporal lobe responses to emotional faces (angry, fearful, happy, neutral) among 30 youths. Eleven of the youths had a history of caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect. Attention states (i.e., attention to anger, fear, or physical attributes, or passive viewing) were systematically manipulated. Relative to comparison youths, youths with a history of caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect showed significantly greater left amygdala and left anterior hippocampus activation during the processing of threatening information. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to demonstrate altered medial temporal lobe function during the processing of threat cues in youths with a history of caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect. 相似文献
188.
The purpose of the study was to investigate male college students in the southeastern United States to identify factors associated
with consumer masculinity behavior. The variables of self-esteem and media significance were tested as possible predictors
of consumer masculinity behavior. A total of 219 surveys were used as the sample for this study. Pearson correlation analysis
tested relationships among the variables, and linear regression was used to further test the nature of the relationships identified.
Results indicated that media significance and appearance-related self-esteem were significant predictors of consumer masculinity
behavior. Limitations and implications are discussed. 相似文献
189.
Sheila Garos Annette S. Kluck James K. Beggan Jeffrey Martindale Amanda Easton Wheeler Tammy Lowery Zacchilli 《Sex roles》2008,58(5-6):311-329
Temptation bias is the tendency to see oneself as better than others at resisting temptation. To understand the influence
of self-enhancement and gender stereotypes on temptation bias, 215 undergraduates from a university located in the southwest
region of the United States compared their ability to resist ten sexually tempting scenarios to that of others in general,
and to their romantic partner (Study 1). An additional 151 undergraduates from the same university rated their own or their partner’s ability to resist seven sexually
tempting scenarios compared to other men and women (Study 2). Results revealed that temptation bias was present but reduced when romantic partners were the comparison targets; and when
comparing themselves to others, women displayed temptation bias regardless of the gender of the referent while men displayed
temptation bias only when comparing themselves to men. 相似文献
190.
Relational Aggression in Mothers and Children: Links with Psychological Control and Child Adjustment
Tiffany J. Reed Sara E. Goldstein Amanda Sheffield Morris Angela W. Keyes 《Sex roles》2008,59(1-2):39-48
This study assesses associations between mothers’ use of relational aggression with their peers and psychological control with their children, and child adjustment in a sample of fifty U.S. mothers of elementary and middle school children. Mothers completed surveys assessing their relational aggression and psychological control. Teachers completed surveys assessing children’s externalizing behavior, internalizing symptoms, and relational aggression. Results suggest that mothers who are relationally aggressive with their peers are more likely to be psychologically controlling with their children. Results also showed that relational aggression predicted adjustment problems in youth. Relational aggression was associated with externalizing problems among boys and girls, and with internalizing problems among boys. Few gender differences in mean levels of maternal or child behaviors emerged. 相似文献