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661.
THE IMPACT OF AUDITION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ATTENTION 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Alexandra L. Quittner Linda B. Smith Mary Joe Osberger Teresa V. Mitchell Donald B. Katz 《Psychological science》1994,5(6):347-353
Interactions between audition and vision were investigated in two experiments In the first experiment, school-age hearing children, deaf children with cochlear implants, and deaf children without implants participated in a task in which they were to respond to some visual signals and not others This task did not involve sound at all Deaf children without implants performed much more poorly than hearing children Deaf children with cochlear implants performed considerably better than deaf children without implants The second experiment employed a longitudinal design and showed that the rate of development in visual selective attention was faster for deaf children with cochlear implants than deaf children without implants Moreover, the gams were rapid–occurring within 2 years post-implant surgery The results suggest that a history of experience with sounds matters in the development of visual attention The results are discussed in terms of multimodal developmental processes 相似文献
662.
663.
Daniel David Julie Schnur Alexandra Belloiu 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2002,20(2):93-131
One study examined the hypothesized status of appraisal and irrational beliefs relative to attributions, as proximal antecedents of emotion. In our study, which looked at 4 pairs of functional and dysfunctional negative emotions (i.e., concern/anxiety, sadness/depression, remorse/guilt, annoyance/anger), undergraduates (N = 120) reported on their attributions, appraisal, irrational beliefs, and emotions during past encounters associated with various negative events. Congruent with both Smith and Lazarus' (1993) appraisal theory and Ellis' (1994) cognitive theory of emotion, the results of this study indicate that the emotions (both functional and dysfunctional negative emotions) were more directly associated with appraisal and with irrational beliefs (dysfunctional negative emotions only) than they were with attributions. Also, irrational beliefs were strongly associated with appraisal; while demandingness (DEM) was associated more with primary appraisal, awfulizing/catastrophizing, low frustration tolerance, and global evaluation of human worth (including self-downing) were associated more with secondary appraisal. Dysfunctional emotions seem to involve primary appraisal associated with DEM while functional emotions involve primary appraisal associated with preferences. These findings lend to support the status of appraisal and irrational beliefs as the proximal cognitive antecedents of emotion and the status of irrational beliefs as a differencing factor between functional and dysfunctional emotions. 相似文献
664.
According to the mental-state reasoning model of suggestibility, 2 components of theory of mind mediate reductions in suggestibility across the preschool years. The authors examined whether theory-of-mind performance may be legitimately separated into 2 components and explored the memory processes underlying the associations between theory of mind and suggestibility, independent of verbal ability. Children 3 to 6 years old completed 6 theory-of-mind tasks and a postevent misinformation procedure. Contrary to the model's prediction, a single latent theory-of-mind factor emerged, suggesting a single-component rather than a dual-component conceptualization of theory-of-mind performance. This factor provided statistical justification for computing a single composite theory-of-mind score. Improvements in theory of mind predicted reductions in suggestibility, independent of verbal ability (Study 1, n = 72). Furthermore, once attribution biases were controlled (Study 2, n = 45), there was also a positive relationship between theory of mind and source memory, but not recognition performance. The findings suggest a substantial, and possibly causal, association between theory-of-mind development and resistance to suggestion, driven specifically by improvements in source monitoring. 相似文献
665.
Gerritsen C Frischen A Blake A Smilek D Eastwood JD 《Perception & psychophysics》2008,70(6):1047-1059
A series of three visual search tasks revealed more efficient search for hostile than for peaceful faces among neutral face distractors. Given that this effect has been observed inconsistently in prior literature, meta-analytic methods were employed for evaluating data across three experiments in order to develop a more valid estimate of the potentially small effect size. Furthermore, in the present experiments, different emotional meanings were conditioned to identical faces across observers, thus eliminating confounds between the physical characteristics and the emotional valences of the face stimuli. On the basis of the present findings, we argue that the visual system is capable of determining a face's emotional valence before the face becomes the focus of attention, and that emotional valence can be used by the visual system to determine subsequent attention allocation. However, meta-analytic results indicate that emotional valence makes a relatively small contribution to search efficiency in the present search context. 相似文献
666.
False working memories? Semantic distortion in a mere 4 seconds 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
False memories are well-established, episodic memory phenomena: Semantically related associates are confidently and erroneously remembered as studied items. We report four experiments yielding similar effects in a working memory paradigm. Four semantically related words were retained over a brief interval. Whether or not the interval was filled with a math verification task, semantically related lures were mistakenly recognized as members of the memory set and took longer to reject than did unrelated negative probes. In a short-term recall task, semantic intrusions exceeded other errors (e.g., phonemic). Our results demonstrate false memory effects for a subspan list when a mere 4 sec was given between study and test. Such rapid semantic errors presumably result from associative processing, may be related to familiarity-based proactive interference in working memory, and are consistent with recent models that integrate short- and long-term memory processes. 相似文献
667.
Though initially conceptualized as resulting from peer imitation of child-onset or life-course-persistent youth [Moffitt, 1993], there is mounting evidence from twin studies that adolescent-onset or adolescent-limited antisocial behavior may also be genetically influenced. This study sought to provide preliminary molecular genetic evidence in support of these findings. We further evaluated whether genetic associations varied between behavioral subtypes of ASB (i.e., physical aggression and nonaggressive rule-breaking), given that only the latter has been found to characterize adolescent-onset ASB. The sample consisted of 211 undergraduate men of European-American ancestry. Three polymorphisms with theoretical and/or empirical ties to ASB or related traits (i.e., tryptophan hydroxylase-A218C, 5HT(2A) His452Tyr, and the DAT1 variable nucleotide tandem repeat) were genotyped. Analyses revealed that two of the three polymorphisms (i.e., His452Tyr and DAT1) were associated with adolescent ASB. Moreover, these associations appeared to be specific to the nonaggressive, rule-breaking form of ASB, and did not extend to physical aggression, further supporting ties to adolescent ASB in particular. Such results thus constructively replicate earlier findings of genetic influence on adolescent ASB. They also offer preliminary evidence that the genetic processes underlying aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior may be (at least partially) distinct. 相似文献
668.
Alexandra E Mitchell Angela M Castellani Rachael L Herrington Jana I Joseph Brian D Doss Douglas K Snyder 《Journal of family psychology》2008,22(1):21-29
The interpersonal process model of intimacy (H. T. Reis & P. Shaver, 1988) proposes that self-disclosure and empathic responding form the basis of intimate interactions. This study examined this model in 102 community couples who completed intimacy measures following videotaped discussions about relationship injuries occurring both within and outside the relationship. Observational assessments of self-disclosure and empathic responding, as well as their respective components, were related to self-reported ratings of post-interaction intimacy. Men's own disclosure and empathic responding predicted their feelings of intimacy, whereas women's intimacy was predicted by their partner's disclosure and empathic responding. Self-disclosure and empathic responding appear to be important behavioral determinants of intimate feelings, but the manner in which they influence intimacy differs according to gender. 相似文献
669.
Kathryn J. Casey Jessica L. Hagaman Alexandra L. Trout Robert Reid Beth Chmelka Ronald W. Thompson Daniel L. Daly 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(6):909-927
Little is known about the characteristics or functioning of children with ADHD in residential care as compared to their non-ADHD
peers. This study evaluated data on 538 children with (n = 125) and without (n = 413) ADHD in residential care to determine demographic, mental health, behavioral, and treatment (i.e., medication use)
characteristics. Results revealed that both groups presented elevated risks, however, scores for children with ADHD indicated
even greater levels of need. Specifically, differences were found between the two groups on demographics (e.g., family reunification
status, restrictiveness of prior out-of-home placements), behavior (e.g., attention problems, rule-breaking and aggressive
behaviors) and medication status. Findings suggest there is a need for aftercare services to help support families as children
transition from care, interventions to address behavior, and medication management through assessment and monitoring. 相似文献
670.
This article broadens understanding of the role that East European intellectuals have played in building foundations for democratic
institutions and practices over the past two decades. Drawing on Habermas’ writings on the public sphere, we use interviews
conducted with founders of women’s and gender studies centers, professional women’s NGOs and Internet forums to examine the
establishment of new micro-contexts for civic engagement and critical debate in Ukraine. Three main types of indigenous feminist
micro-public are identified: academic, professional and virtual. Through an analysis of these micro-publics as well as the
works of writer Oksana Zabuzhko, we explore the articulation and legitimation of a “national feminist” standpoint that draws
upon feminism to criticize populist understandings of national history and civic belonging. We contribute to studies of democratization
and transition by suggesting how small groups of critical intellectuals (locally called “tusovky”) acted as microfoundations
of civil society. By supporting local engagement with Western critical theory, these small groups helped to create a new infrastructure
for engaging intellectuals in the pluralization and diversification of public life. 相似文献