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151.
New terms and frameworks are constantly being incorporated into scientific and public discourses on the management of natural resources and the environment. The idea of invasive non‐native plant and animal species, i.e. of species that enter a new range and spread prolifically, is currently becoming part of the public discourse in Scotland. This constitutes a valuable opportunity to study how people engage with new scientific concepts. We analysed focus group and personal interview data to examine how participants (including the general public, conservation volunteers and scientists) familiarized themselves with the ecological concept of invasive non‐native species. Our analysis draws on the idea of anchoring in the formation of social representations, complemented by concepts from cognitive linguistics and conceptual blending, and defines anchoring as a process of information transfer from source to target domains. Our findings suggest that social representations of invasive non‐native species were constituted to a large degree by perceptions of species' detrimental impacts and the human role in and responsibility for the introduction process. By contrast, the non‐nativeness of a species was not relevant for participants from the general public and conservation volunteers. Three types of anchoring could be distinguished in our participants' discussions that differed with regard to the relations between source and target domain. Whereas participants from the general public and conservation volunteers used all three types of anchoring, scientists did not. The identification of different anchoring types also helped to explain incongruencies in the scientific discourse on invasive non‐native species, and has implications for public information campaigns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
152.
153.
Sebastian Rand 《Continental Philosophy Review》2011,44(4):341-357
Some of Catherine Malabou’s recent work has developed her conception of plasticity (originally deployed in a reading of Hegelian
Aufhebung) in relation to neuroscience. This development clarifies and advances her attempt to bring contemporary theory into dialogue
with the natural sciences, while indirectly indicating her engagement with the French tradition in philosophy of science and
philosophy of medicine, especially the work of Georges Canguilhem. I argue that we can see her development of plasticity as
an answer to some specific shortcomings in Canguilhem’s conception of organic or biological normativity as advanced in The Normal and the Pathological. Such a view of plasticity shows its potential to provide the basis for a powerful critical engagement with contemporary
conceptions of selfhood, self-transformation, subjectivation, and the general theory of norms. 相似文献
154.
Bees, wasps and ants—so-called central-place foragers—need potent homing strategies to return to their nest. Path integration
and view-based landmark guidance are the key strategies for the ants’ navigation. For instance, they memorise different views
in a sequence (sequential memory) but also have a step counter that informs them about the covered distance during each foraging
trip (odometer). The sequential memory and the odometer information can act as contextual cues during travel for retrieving
the appropriate stored view. When and which cue is used at different stages and lengths of the foraging trips is still unknown.
In this study, we examined how the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti uses sequential memory and odometric information to retrieve visual memories. Using a set-up made out of channels and two-choice
boxes (Y-mazes), we demonstrate first that M. bagoti foragers are able to learn and discriminate a variety of visual stimuli in a sequence of views along the inbound trip back
to the nest. We then forced the homing ants to encounter a fixed sequence of two visual patterns during their inbound trips.
By manipulating the position and distance of the visual stimuli and decision boxes, we could set the two contextual cues (sequential
memory and odometer) into conflict. After the short 4-m outbound distance, a preference for odometric information as a contextual
cue was found, but after the long 8-m outbound distance, ants relied primarily on their sequential memory retrieval. Odometer
precision deteriorates with increasing travel distance, and accordingly, our findings imply that desert ants may be relying
on the most reliable contextual cue for retrieving visual memories. 相似文献
155.
Sebastian Lotz Tyler G. Okimoto Thomas Schlösser Detlef Fetchenhauer 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(2):477-480
The almost exclusive focus on punishment and inattention to compensatory alternatives in studies involving experimental games may yield patterns that do not accurately reflect how and when people respond to injustice, particularly if punishment and compensation are not psychologically equivalent approaches to justice restoration. In the current study, we examined participants' preference for punitive and compensatory actions, while also exploring emotional determinants and boundary conditions. Our results indicated that participants actually compensated victims more than they punished offenders and that the majority of participants assigned both. Furthermore, although both interventions were associated with emotional experiences of moral outrage toward the offender, self-focused emotions reflecting feelings of threat only predicted compensation and only when victims were aware that they had been victimized. These findings augment our understanding of third-party interventions, emphasizing the importance of considering response alternatives when studying the psychology of justice. 相似文献
156.
Wystrach A Cheng K Sosa S Beugnon G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2011,37(4):420-435
When tested in rectangular arenas, the navigational behavior of the ant Gigantiops destructor can produce results similar to vertebrates. Such results are usually interpreted as supporting the ability of animals to segregate spatial geometry and features. Here, we combine a detailed analysis of ants' paths with panoramic images taken from the ant's perspective that can serve as a basis for developing view-based matching models. The corner choices observed in ants were better predicted by the use of panoramic views along with a simple matching process [rotational image difference function (rIDF)] than by models assuming segregation of geometry and features (G/F). Our view-based matching model could also explain some aspects of the ants' path (i.e., initial direction, length) resulting from the different visual conditions, suggesting that ants were using such a taxon-like strategy. Analyzed at the individual level, the results show that ants' idiosyncratic paths tend to evolve gradually from trial to trial, revealing that the ants were partially updating their route memory after each trial. This study illustrates the remarkable flexibilities that can arise from the use of taxon-like strategies and stresses the importance of considering them in vertebrates. 相似文献
157.
Early adulthood is a time of substantial personality change characterized by large inter‐individual diversity. To investigate the role of age in this diversity, the present study examined whether emerging adults differ from an older group of young adults in their Big Five personality development. By means of multi‐group latent change modelling, two groups of 16‐ to 19‐year‐olds (n = 3555) and 26‐ to 29‐year‐olds (n = 2621) were tracked over the course of four years and compared regarding four aspects of personality change: mean‐level change, rank‐order change, inter‐individual differences in change, and profile change. In addition, age‐differential socialization effects associated with six first‐time life events were investigated. Analyses revealed substantial age differences in all four aspects of change. As expected, emerging adults showed greater change and diversity in change than young adults. However, the six life events had no age‐differential impact on change in single traits and Big Five profiles. Overall, the results indicate that age differences should be considered even in specific life stages to advance the understanding of personality development. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
158.
Fontanesi Laura Gluth Sebastian Spektor Mikhail S. Rieskamp Jörg 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2019,26(4):1099-1121
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Psychological models of value-based decision-making describe how subjective values are formed and mapped to single choices. Recently, additional efforts have... 相似文献
159.
van Benthem Johan Bezhanishvili Nick Enqvist Sebastian 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2019,48(4):649-684
We present a new notion of game equivalence that captures basic powers of interacting players. We provide a representation theorem, a complete logic, and a new game algebra for basic powers. In doing so, we establish connections with imperfect information games and epistemic logic. We also identify some new open problems concerning logic and games.
相似文献160.
Murrie DC Cornell DG Kaplan S McConville D Levy-Elkon A 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2004,22(1):49-67
This study examined the relations between psychopathy scores and violent behavior in 113 incarcerated adolescents. We compared the results of four different instruments designed to assess psychopathy features among juveniles-the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), two versions of the Antisocial Processes Screening Device (APSD), and a Psychopathy Content scale on the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). We found that PCLY:YV scores were significantly correlated with violent offense history, unadjudicated violence, and institutional violence, as well as measures of the severity and instrumentality of prior violence. Receiver operating characteristic analyses generated statistically significant effect sizes (AUC values) ranging from 0.64 to 0.79. The three other measures generated statistically significant correlations with one or more of the violence criteria, although correlations and effect sizes tended to be smaller in magnitude. Our results offer some support for the validity of these measures of psychopathic features, and the value of the PCL:YV in particular, with respect to short-term measures of violence outcome among juvenile offenders. 相似文献