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221.
In a self‐control conflict, people face a dilemma between a current goal (e.g., to exercise regularly) and competing impulses, habits, or desires (e.g., to stay on the couch and continue watching TV). To resolve such conflicts in favor of their goals, individuals may capitalize on a variety of self‐regulatory strategies. In this article, we review recent research on the self‐regulatory strategies people use in their daily lives, research on the effectiveness of these strategies, and research on the consequences of self‐regulatory strategy use on well‐being. We furthermore take both an individual‐differences and a situational perspective by linking strategy use to individual differences between people (e.g., in self‐control) and by emphasizing that strategy effectiveness likely depends on situational context (e.g., on current demands). Finally, we introduce ideas and potential future research questions revolving around the role of individual differences in regulatory flexibility (including context‐sensitivity) for determining a person's self‐regulatory success. 相似文献
222.
Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(1):67-94
This article provides the first comprehensive reconstruction and analysis of Hintikka’s attempt to obtain a measure of the
information yield of deductive inferences. The reconstruction is detailed by necessity due to the originality of Hintikka’s
contribution. The analysis will turn out to be destructive. It dismisses Hintikka’s distinction between surface information and depth information as being of any utility towards obtaining a measure of the information yield of deductive inferences. Hintikka is right to
identify the failure of canonical information theory to give an account of the information yield of deductions as a scandal,
however this article demonstrates that his attempt to provide such an account fails. It fails primarily because it applies
to only a restricted set of deductions in the polyadic predicate calculus, and fails to apply at all to the deductions in
the monadic predicate calculus and the propositional calculus. Some corollaries of these facts are a number of undesirable
and counterintuitive results concerning the proposed relation of linguistic meaning (and hence synonymy) with surface information.
Some of these results will be seen to contradict Hintikka’s stated aims, whilst others are seen to be false. The consequence
is that the problem of obtaining a measure of the information yield of deductive inferences remains an open one. The failure
of Hintikka’s proposal will suggest that a purely syntactic approach to the problem be abandoned in favour of an intrinsically
semantic one. 相似文献
223.
224.
Adolescence is a period of life in which the sense of 'self' changes profoundly. Here, we review recent behavioural and neuroimaging studies on adolescent development of the self-concept. These studies have shown that adolescence is an important developmental period for the self and its supporting neural structures. Recent neuroimaging research has demonstrated that activity in brain regions associated with self-processing, including the medial prefrontal cortex, changes between early adolescence and adulthood. These studies indicate that neurocognitive development might contribute to behavioural phenomena characteristic of adolescence, such as heightened self-consciousness and susceptibility to peer influence. We attempt to integrate this recent neurocognitive research on adolescence with findings from developmental and social psychology. 相似文献
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Ethical Theory and Moral Practice - Central capabilitarian theories of well-being focus exclusively on actual opportunities to attain states of being and doing that people have reason to value.... 相似文献
228.
Paul M. Smeets Sebastian Striefel 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1994,47(3):241-261
The present study evaluated a modified blocked-trial procedure in the learning of arbitrary matching tasks (A1-B1, A2-B2) by children. The procedure consisted of five steps. In Step 1, the comparisons (B1 and B2) were presented simultaneously with the samples (A1 and A2). The comparisons were presented at fixed locations (B1 left and B2 right), and the samples, A1 and A2, were randomly presented in successive trials. Subjects were reinforced for placing A1 on B1 and A2 on B2. Step 2 was the same except that the locations of B1 and B2 were reversed. Step 3 was the same as Steps 1 and 2 but with reversed B1-B2 locations after every fourth trial. Step 4 was the same as Step 3 except that the B1-B2 locations randomly changed over trials. Step 5 was the same as Step 4 except that subjects were required to point to the B stimuli. The procedure was highly effective—far more so than the traditional blocked-trial procedure. 相似文献
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230.
Sebastian Gardner 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2019,62(1):23-48
ABSTRACTWe know from Nietzsche’s posthumously published notebooks and correspondence of his plan in 1868 to compose a doctoral dissertation in philosophy on the subject of teleology in nature and the concept of the organic, with reference to Kant. The bulk of my discussion represents an attempt to extrapolate from Nietzsche’s letters and preparatory notes the view he arrived at. Since the notes do not defend explicitly any single definitive thesis, their interpretation is unavoidably conjectural. I argue that, if Nietzsche’s remarks are considered with close reference to the philosophers who at that point dominated his horizons, namely Kant, Schopenhauer, and Lange, with Goethe also playing a key role, a plausible account can be given of the broad conclusions Nietzsche reached as a result of his early engagement with the problem of teleology. This outlook maintains the necessity and distinctiveness of philosophical reflection, but takes a skeptical view of its basis. In 1868 Nietzsche had no clear idea of how to proceed from this point, but in the end I propose, as others have done, that Nietzsche’s reflections on Kant and teleology helped to lay the ground for The Birth of Tragedy. In conclusion, I hypothesize that Nietzsche’s later philosophy involves no change of metaphilosophical standpoint. 相似文献