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161.
Aysegül Ibisler Sebastian Ocklenburg Susanne Stemmler Larissa Arning Jörg T. Epplen Carsten Saft Sabine Hoffjan 《Journal of genetic counseling》2017,26(5):1029-1040
We present a prospective study of counselees seeking predictive testing for Huntington’s disease at the Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia (Bochum, Germany) between 2010 and 2012. The aim was to observe the decision-making process of at-risk individuals and explore their experiences following the decision as well as the impacts of positive and negative mutation results. Data were collected using two standardized questionnaires as well as via a semi-standardized telephone interview one year after the initial counseling session. Seventy-two individuals participated in at least one of the three phases of the survey, including 31 individuals in the telephone interview. Sociodemographic data were in accordance with previous reports. The process of predictive testing was generally perceived in a positive manner, with almost all interviewees reporting a balanced emotional state one year after initial counseling, regardless of the decision for or against the test. The most important reasons named in favor of or against testing were assembled as well as different aspects regarding the satisfaction with the reached decision. In line with and expanding previous observations on gender-related differences in decision-making, our results suggest that gender-related aspects should be more strongly taken into account in genetic counseling during the predictive testing and counseling processes. 相似文献
162.
The authors investigate primary, hysterical, narcissistic identification, and introjection as conceptualised by Freud, Melanie Klein’s projective identification, and Anna Freud’s identification with the aggressor and altruistic surrender. It is pointed out that hysterical identification, narcissistic identification, and introjection are unconscious processes leading into a state of primary identification, and that they can be distinguished on a clinical level as regards the emotional meaning the object has for the subject. In hysterical identification the aspects of an object with which one identifies and all its other aspects retain their emotional meaning, in narcissistic identification these other aspects also keep their emotional meaning, but in this case the aspects with which one identifies lose their emotional meaning, and in introjection all aspects of an object lose their emotional meaning. Furthermore, it is shown that hysterical or narcissistic identifications are the mechanisms underlying the identification with the aggressor, and that—along with projections—hysterical re-identification also plays a decisive role in projective identification and altruistic surrender, whereby in these latter processes the object identifies himself unconsciously with the contents projected onto him in a hysterical or narcissistic manner. 相似文献
163.
New terms and frameworks are constantly being incorporated into scientific and public discourses on the management of natural resources and the environment. The idea of invasive non‐native plant and animal species, i.e. of species that enter a new range and spread prolifically, is currently becoming part of the public discourse in Scotland. This constitutes a valuable opportunity to study how people engage with new scientific concepts. We analysed focus group and personal interview data to examine how participants (including the general public, conservation volunteers and scientists) familiarized themselves with the ecological concept of invasive non‐native species. Our analysis draws on the idea of anchoring in the formation of social representations, complemented by concepts from cognitive linguistics and conceptual blending, and defines anchoring as a process of information transfer from source to target domains. Our findings suggest that social representations of invasive non‐native species were constituted to a large degree by perceptions of species' detrimental impacts and the human role in and responsibility for the introduction process. By contrast, the non‐nativeness of a species was not relevant for participants from the general public and conservation volunteers. Three types of anchoring could be distinguished in our participants' discussions that differed with regard to the relations between source and target domain. Whereas participants from the general public and conservation volunteers used all three types of anchoring, scientists did not. The identification of different anchoring types also helped to explain incongruencies in the scientific discourse on invasive non‐native species, and has implications for public information campaigns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
164.
165.
Sebastian Rand 《Continental Philosophy Review》2011,44(4):341-357
Some of Catherine Malabou’s recent work has developed her conception of plasticity (originally deployed in a reading of Hegelian
Aufhebung) in relation to neuroscience. This development clarifies and advances her attempt to bring contemporary theory into dialogue
with the natural sciences, while indirectly indicating her engagement with the French tradition in philosophy of science and
philosophy of medicine, especially the work of Georges Canguilhem. I argue that we can see her development of plasticity as
an answer to some specific shortcomings in Canguilhem’s conception of organic or biological normativity as advanced in The Normal and the Pathological. Such a view of plasticity shows its potential to provide the basis for a powerful critical engagement with contemporary
conceptions of selfhood, self-transformation, subjectivation, and the general theory of norms. 相似文献
166.
Bees, wasps and ants—so-called central-place foragers—need potent homing strategies to return to their nest. Path integration
and view-based landmark guidance are the key strategies for the ants’ navigation. For instance, they memorise different views
in a sequence (sequential memory) but also have a step counter that informs them about the covered distance during each foraging
trip (odometer). The sequential memory and the odometer information can act as contextual cues during travel for retrieving
the appropriate stored view. When and which cue is used at different stages and lengths of the foraging trips is still unknown.
In this study, we examined how the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti uses sequential memory and odometric information to retrieve visual memories. Using a set-up made out of channels and two-choice
boxes (Y-mazes), we demonstrate first that M. bagoti foragers are able to learn and discriminate a variety of visual stimuli in a sequence of views along the inbound trip back
to the nest. We then forced the homing ants to encounter a fixed sequence of two visual patterns during their inbound trips.
By manipulating the position and distance of the visual stimuli and decision boxes, we could set the two contextual cues (sequential
memory and odometer) into conflict. After the short 4-m outbound distance, a preference for odometric information as a contextual
cue was found, but after the long 8-m outbound distance, ants relied primarily on their sequential memory retrieval. Odometer
precision deteriorates with increasing travel distance, and accordingly, our findings imply that desert ants may be relying
on the most reliable contextual cue for retrieving visual memories. 相似文献
167.
Sebastian Lotz Tyler G. Okimoto Thomas Schlösser Detlef Fetchenhauer 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(2):477-480
The almost exclusive focus on punishment and inattention to compensatory alternatives in studies involving experimental games may yield patterns that do not accurately reflect how and when people respond to injustice, particularly if punishment and compensation are not psychologically equivalent approaches to justice restoration. In the current study, we examined participants' preference for punitive and compensatory actions, while also exploring emotional determinants and boundary conditions. Our results indicated that participants actually compensated victims more than they punished offenders and that the majority of participants assigned both. Furthermore, although both interventions were associated with emotional experiences of moral outrage toward the offender, self-focused emotions reflecting feelings of threat only predicted compensation and only when victims were aware that they had been victimized. These findings augment our understanding of third-party interventions, emphasizing the importance of considering response alternatives when studying the psychology of justice. 相似文献
168.
Wystrach A Cheng K Sosa S Beugnon G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2011,37(4):420-435
When tested in rectangular arenas, the navigational behavior of the ant Gigantiops destructor can produce results similar to vertebrates. Such results are usually interpreted as supporting the ability of animals to segregate spatial geometry and features. Here, we combine a detailed analysis of ants' paths with panoramic images taken from the ant's perspective that can serve as a basis for developing view-based matching models. The corner choices observed in ants were better predicted by the use of panoramic views along with a simple matching process [rotational image difference function (rIDF)] than by models assuming segregation of geometry and features (G/F). Our view-based matching model could also explain some aspects of the ants' path (i.e., initial direction, length) resulting from the different visual conditions, suggesting that ants were using such a taxon-like strategy. Analyzed at the individual level, the results show that ants' idiosyncratic paths tend to evolve gradually from trial to trial, revealing that the ants were partially updating their route memory after each trial. This study illustrates the remarkable flexibilities that can arise from the use of taxon-like strategies and stresses the importance of considering them in vertebrates. 相似文献
169.
Fontanesi Laura Gluth Sebastian Spektor Mikhail S. Rieskamp Jörg 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2019,26(4):1099-1121
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Psychological models of value-based decision-making describe how subjective values are formed and mapped to single choices. Recently, additional efforts have... 相似文献
170.
van Benthem Johan Bezhanishvili Nick Enqvist Sebastian 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2019,48(4):649-684
We present a new notion of game equivalence that captures basic powers of interacting players. We provide a representation theorem, a complete logic, and a new game algebra for basic powers. In doing so, we establish connections with imperfect information games and epistemic logic. We also identify some new open problems concerning logic and games.
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