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851.
852.
Laurie Beth Feldman Patrick A. O’Connor Fermín Moscoso del Prado Martín 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(4):684-691
Many studies have suggested that a word’s orthographic form must be processed before its meaning becomes available. Some interpret
the (null) finding of equal facilitation after semantically transparent and opaque morphologically related primes in early
stages of morphological processing as consistent with this view. Recent literature suggests that morphological facilitation
tends to be greater after transparent than after opaque primes, however. To determine whether the degree of semantic transparency
influences parsing into a stem and a suffix (morphological decomposition) in the forward masked priming variant of the lexical
decision paradigm, we compared patterns of facilitation between semantically transparent (e.g., coolant—cool) and opaque (e.g., rampant—ramp) prime—target pairs. Form properties of the stem (frequency, neighborhood size, and prime—target letter overlap), as well
as related—unrelated and transparent—opaque affixes, were matched. Morphological facilitation was significantly greater for
semantically transparent pairs than for opaque pairs. Ratings of prime—target relatedness predicted the magnitude of facilitation.
The results limit the scope of form-then-meaning models of word recognition and demonstrate that semantic similarity can influence
even early stages of morphological processing. The research reported here was supported by National Institute of Child Health
and Development Grant HD-01994 to Haskins Laboratories. 相似文献
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Tolga Könik Paul O’Rorke Dan Shapiro Dongkyu Choi Negin Nejati Pat Langley 《Cognitive Systems Research》2009,10(3):270-285
In this paper, we present an approach to transfer that involves analogical mapping of symbols across different domains. We relate this mechanism to Icarus, a theory of the human cognitive architecture. Our system can transfer skills across domains hypothesizing maps between representations, improving performance in novel domains. Unlike previous approaches to analogical transfer, our method uses an explanatory analysis that compares how well a new domain theory explains previous solutions under different mapping hypotheses. We present experimental evidence that the new mechanism improves transfer over Icarus’ basic learning processes. Moreover, we argue that the same features which distinguish Icarus from other architectures support representation mapping in a natural way and operate synergistically with it. These features enable our analogy system to translate a map among concepts into a map between skills, and to support transfer even if two domains are only partially analogous. We also discuss our system’s relation to other work on analogy and outline directions for future research. 相似文献
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Diagnosing students’ misconceptions in algebra: Results from an experimental pilot study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Computer-based diagnostic assessment systems hold potential to help teachers identify sources of poor performance and to connect
teachers and students to learning activities designed to help advance students’ conceptual understandings. The present article
presents findings from a study that examined how students’ performance in algebra and their overcoming of common algebraic
misconceptions were affected by the use of a diagnostic assessment system that focused on important algebra concepts. This
study used a four-group randomized cluster trial design in which teachers were assigned randomly to one of four groups: a
“business as usual” control group, a partial intervention group that was provided with access to diagnostic tests results,
a partial intervention group that was provided with access to the learning activities, and a full intervention group that
was given access to the test results and learning activities. Data were collected from 905 students (6th–12th grade) nested
within 44 teachers. We used hierarchical linear modeling techniques to compare the effects of full, partial, and no (control)
intervention on students’ algebraic ability and misconceptions. The analyses indicate that full intervention had a net positive
effect on ability and misconception measures. 相似文献
856.
Francis Rolleston Jack Corman Serge Gauthier Paddi O’Hara Rod Schmaltz 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2009,7(1-2):69-73
Research Ethics Boards (REBs) provide oversight for Canadians that research projects will comply with standards of ethics if the studies are carried out as described in the documents that have been approved. While REBs have traditionally been affiliated with institutions such as universities and hospitals, a number of factors - including the increased volume of research being conducted outside academic centres - have resulted in the establishment of some private or independent REBs. This, in turn, has raised concerns about the credibility of REBs in the private sector and their capacity to handle issues around conflict of interest. This Breakout Session was an opportunity to hear the perspectives of people associated with institutional and private REBs and examine perceived problems with boards in the private sector, scrutinize theoretical and structural differences between types of REBs, and look at whether or not there is room for both institutional and private boards in the Canadian research review landscape. 相似文献
857.
Vivien Runnels Elizabeth Hay Elyse Sevigny Paddi O’Hara 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2009,7(1-2):57-68
This paper focuses on some of the ethical issues which may arise when conducting research in the context of homelessness. These issues are considered from the viewpoints of researchers, research coordinators and interviewers, drawing from their extensive real world experience. In addition to negotiating the complex context of homelessness, community-based homelessness researchers need to address a number of ethical issues in research conception, design, implementation and dissemination. Although these issues are commonly considered in community-engaged research, research with people who are homeless may raise exceptional challenges. Such challenges include determining the nature of informed consent; protecting research participants and researchers, and determining appropriate compensation for participation. Understanding the context of homelessness to conduct ethical research will require sharing information and joint decision-making, processes that must include members of communities within which the research participants live. Furthermore, researchers should be sensitive to the changing context of homelessness, and vigilant for new ethical challenges. 相似文献
858.
Reformers urge that representation no longer earns its explanatory keep in cognitive science, and that it is time to discard
this troublesome concept. In contrast, we hold that without representation cognitive science is utterly bereft of tools for
explaining natural intelligence. In order to defend the latter position, we focus on the explanatory role of representation
in computation. We examine how the methods of digital and analog computation are used to model a relatively simple target
system, and show that representation plays an in-eliminable explanatory role in both cases. We conclude that, to the extent
that biologic systems engage in computation, representation is destined to play an explanatory role in cognitive science.
相似文献
Jon OpieEmail: URL: http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/humanities/jopie/ |
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