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191.
There is considerable evidence that children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are at increased risk
of anxiety and anxiety disorders. However, it is less clear which of the specific DSM-IV anxiety disorders occur most in this
population. The present study used meta-analytic techniques to help clarify this issue. A systematic review of the literature
identified 31 studies involving 2,121 young people (aged <18 years) with ASD, and where the presence of anxiety disorder was
assessed using standardized questionnaires or diagnostic interviews. Across studies, 39.6% of young people with ASD had at
least one comorbid DSM-IV anxiety disorder, the most frequent being specific phobia (29.8%) followed by OCD (17.4%) and social
anxiety disorder (16.6%). Associations were found between the specific anxiety disorders and ASD subtype, age, IQ, and assessment
method (questionnaire versus interview). Implications for the identification and treatment of anxiety in young people with
ASD are discussed. 相似文献
192.
Rhodes R Azzouni J Baumrin SB Benkov K Blaser MJ Brenner B Dauben JW Earle WJ Frank L Gligorov N Goldfarb J Hirschhorn K Hirschhorn R Holzman I Indyk D Jabs EW Lackey DP Moros DA Philpott S Rhodes ME Richardson LD Sacks HS Schwab A Sperling R Trusko B Zweig A 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2011,11(11):1-7
193.
Guest D Kent C Adelman JS 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2010,36(6):1609-1630
Nosofsky (1983) reported that additional stimulus presentations within a trial increase discriminability in absolute identification, suggesting that each presentation creates an independent stimulus representation, but it remains unclear whether exposure duration or the formation of independent representations improves discrimination in such conditions. Experiment 1 replicated Nosofsky's result. Experiments 2 (masking the ISI between two-presentations) and 3 (manipulating stimulus duration without changing number of presentations or overall trial duration) ruled out an explanation in terms of extended opportunities for stimulus sampling, from either a sensory buffer during additional ISIs or increased stimulus exposure, respectively. Experiment 4 (comparing two and three-presentations, other factors controlled) provided some limited additional support for Nosofsky's original claim that additional stimulus presentations can create either independent or duplicate representations. Experiments 5 and 6 (both manipulating ISI) demonstrated that a key factor in the additional stimulus presentation effect is the overall trial duration. We discuss the results in relation to models of absolute identification, their relative emphasis on stimulus sampling versus response selection, and the mechanisms by which duplicate representations could be created. 相似文献
194.
How do people interleave attention when multitasking? One dominant account is that the completion of a subtask serves as a cue to switch tasks. But what happens if switching solely at subtask boundaries led to poor performance? We report a study in which participants manually dialed a UK‐style telephone number while driving a simulated vehicle. If the driver were to exclusively return his or her attention to driving after completing a subtask (i.e., using the single break in the xxxxx‐xxxxxx representational structure of the number), then we would expect to see a relatively poor driving performance. In contrast, our results show that drivers choose to return attention to steering control before the natural subtask boundary. A computational modeling analysis shows that drivers had to adopt this strategy to meet the required performance objective of maintaining an acceptable lateral position in the road while dialing. Taken together these results support the idea that people can strategically control the allocation of attention in multitask settings to meet specific performance criteria. 相似文献
195.
Sean Duffy Janellen Huttenlocher Larry V. Hedges L. Elizabeth Crawford 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(2):224-230
The category adjustment model (CAM) proposes that estimates of inexactly remembered stimuli are adjusted toward the central value of the category of which the stimuli are members. Adjusting estimates toward the average value of all category instances, properly weighted for memory uncertainty, maximizes the average accuracy of estimates. Thus far, the CAM has been tested only with symmetrical category distributions in which the central stimulus value is also the mean. We report two experiments using asymmetric (skewed) distributions in which there is more than one possible central value: one where the frequency distribution shifts over the course of time, and the other where the frequency distribution is skewed. In both cases, we find that people adjust estimates toward the category’s running mean, which is consistent with the CAM but not with alternative explanations for the adjustment of stimuli toward a category’s central value. 相似文献
196.
197.
Grant Duncan 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(2):163-178
Recent social surveys of happiness (subjective well-being) have given a new stimulus to utilitarian political theory by providing
a statistically reliable measure of the ‘happiness’ of individuals that can then be correlated with other variables. One general
finding is that greater happiness does not correlate strongly with increased wealth, beyond modest levels, and this has led
to calls for governments to shift priorities away from economic growth and towards other social values. This paper notes how
the conclusions of this research help to address some of the traditional objections to utilitarianism. The question of how
happiness research findings can be used to set happiness-maximization goals for public policy needs careful examination, as
the translation from research to policy is not always straightforward. Some empirical and ethical objections to this ‘new
utilitarianism’ are raised. The complicating factors of public expectations of, and trust in, governments pose obstacles to
any proposal that happiness research may lead to changes in public policy and hence to ‘happier’ populations. 相似文献
198.
Kimberly A. Barchard Jane Bajgar Duncan Ermini Leaf Richard D. Lane 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):586-595
The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS; Lane, Quinlan, Schwartz, Walker, & Zeitlan, 1990) is the most commonly used
measure of differentiation and complexity in the use of emotion words and is associated with important clinical outcomes.
Hand scoring the LEAS is time consuming. Existing programs for scoring open-ended responses cannot mimic LEAS hand scoring.
Therefore, Leaf and Barchard (2006) developed the Program for Open-Ended Scoring (POES) to score the LEAS. In this article,
we report a study in which the reliability and validity of POES scoring were examined. In the study, we used three participant
types (adult community members, university students, children), three LEAS versions (paper based, computer based, and the
LEAS for children), and a diverse set of criterion variables. Across this variety of conditions, the four POES scoring methods
had internal consistencies and validities that were comparable to hand scoring, indicating that POES scoring can be used in
clinical practice and other applied settings in which hand scoring is impractical. 相似文献
199.
Five experiments provide evidence for a primacy effect in the formation of inductive categories. Participants completed a category induction task in which they observed and reproduced a set of lines that varied in length but were serially ordered so that they increased or decreased in length. Subsequent estimates of the average of the distribution were systematically biased in the direction of stimuli encountered at the beginning of the induction task, suggesting that initially encountered stimuli exert greater weight in a category representation than do subsequent stimuli. We offer possible explanations for why this primacy effect might arise. 相似文献
200.
Research in the area of self-handicapping has consistently demonstrated a robust yet puzzling gender difference in the use of and evaluation of behavioral self-handicaps; women (1) are less likely to use these forms of handicaps, particularly those involving the actual or reported reduction of effort, and (2) evaluate the use of these handicaps by others more negatively than do men. The present research examines several possible explanations for these consistent gender differences and finds that the personal value placed on effort is an important mediator of these effects. 相似文献