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101.
Konerding WS Hedrich HJ Bleich E Zimmermann E 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2012,126(1):15-22
Previously, it has been thought that handedness is unique to humans. Recently, it has been found that hand or paw preferences are common among a variety of vertebrate species. Different models have been put forth to describe the evolution of primate handedness. In this study we aimed to explore whether these models can also be used to predict manual laterality in nonprimate mammalian groups. The cat (Felis silvestris catus) is a good nonprimate model for manual laterality, as cats frequently use paws to catch and hold prey. Cats were exposed to two standardized manual laterality tasks, differing in postural demand. Subjects (N = 28) were forced to use either a stable or unstable body posture (i.e., sitting or standing vs. vertical clinging) to extract food items from a plastic box attached at two different heights. We revealed that cats exhibited paw preferences at an individual level with about 40% left, 30% right, 30% nonlateralized subjects. Postural demand was linked to task difficulty: the unstable body posture was found to be significantly more difficult than the stable body posture. However, these differences in postural demand and task difficulty did not lead to differences in direction or strength of paw preference. Findings suggested that nonprimate mammals differ from primates in their sensitivity to task related factors, such as postural demand. Results coincide with those of some prosimians, providing support for the hypothesis that postural demand and the associated task complexity became influencing factors on manual laterality in the course of primate evolution. 相似文献
102.
Do survey designers bias respondents' answers on attitude/opinion questionnaires through the organization of their survey items? We hypothesize that respondents often employ an anchoring and adjusting strategy in which their response to an initial survey item provides a cognitive anchor from which they insufficiently adjust in answering the subsequent item. Three experiments indicate that respondents often anchor and insufficiently adjust in certain situations. Ultimately, this tendency can affect reliability estimates of scales and the resultant correlations with other measures. In organizing their surveys, researchers may wish to combat this bias by intermixing items designed for different but related constructs. 相似文献
103.
David C. Houghton Maddison R. Franklin Michael P. Twohig Martin E. Franklin Scott N. Compton Angela M. Neal-Barnett Stephen M. Saunders Douglas W. Woods 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2016,38(3):505-513
Although photographic assessment has been found to be reliable in assessing hair loss in Trichotillomania, the validity of this method is unclear, particularly for gauging progress in treatment. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of photographic assessment of change in Trichotillomania. Photographs showing hair loss of adults with Trichotillomania were taken before and after participating in a clinical trial for the condition. Undergraduate college students (N?=?211) rated treatment response according to the photos, and additional archival data on hair pulling severity and psychosocial health were retrieved from the clinical trial. Photographic assessment of change was found to possess fair reliability (ICC?=?0.53), acceptable criterion validity (r?=?0.51), good concurrent validity (r?=?0.30–0.36), and excellent incremental validity (ΔR 2?=?8.67, p?<?0.01). In addition, photographic measures were significantly correlated with change in quality of life (r?=?0.42), and thus could be considered an index of the social validity of Trichotillomania treatment. Gender of the photo rater and pulling topography affected the criterion validity of photographic assessment (partial η 2?=?0.05–0.11). Recommendations for improving photographic assessment and future directions for hair pulling research are discussed. 相似文献
104.
105.
The aim of this article is to assess the measurement invariance of the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) in U.S. Anglo (n = 490) and U.S. Hispanic ( n = 379) samples of college students. The BVAQ items demonstrated invariance of the factor loadings, the latent item intercepts, and unique factor variances. However, Hispanics had higher verbalizing scores and lower fantasizing scores on the latent variables. As a whole, the BVAQ requires additional testing and/or refinement for use with a Hispanic sample. Until such refinements, the authors recommend that the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 be used with U.S. Hispanic samples. 相似文献
106.
Scott Tanona 《Philosophical Studies》2010,148(1):79-87
In recent years, it has become common to defend science against charges of bias against the supernatural by explaining that
science must remain methodologically natural but does not assume metaphysical naturalism. While such a response is correct,
some details about the distinction between methodological naturalism and ontological or metaphysical naturalism have been
lacking, as has a clear understanding of the distinction between the methodological restriction of science to natural explanations
and naturalistic claims about the scope of those methods. We still require an account of the natural that explains well why science is restricted to giving naturalistic methods, and why the pursuit of natural explanations
is not tantamount to the assumption that only natural causes exist. I suggest that the distinguishing characteristics of the
natural are not metaphysical at all but broadly epistemological, concerning goals of intersubjectivity and predictability. I argue
that by focusing on naturalistic goals we can better explain why the pursuit of natural explanations need not presume any
purely natural metaphysics. But I also suggest that the adoption of natural methods is not entirely metaphysically neutral,
as it is associated with values that may be more closely associated with some metaphysical views than others. 相似文献
107.
108.
Studies using Posner’s spatial cueing paradigm have demonstrated that participants can allocate their attention to specific target locations based on the predictiveness of preceding cues. Four experiments were conducted to investigate attentional orienting processes operating in a high probability condition (cues 75% predictive) as compared to a low probability condition (cues 50% predictive) using various types of centrally-presented cues. Spatially-informative cues (arrows and circles with gaps) resulted in cueing effects (CEs) for both probability conditions, with significantly larger CEs in the high probability conditions than the low probability conditions. Participants in the high probability conditions reported little or no awareness of cue–target probabilities after task completion. Our results provide support for an implicit learning account of the proportion valid effect under experimental conditions involving spatially-informative central cues and relatively short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). 相似文献
109.
110.
Children born with a possible predisposition toward shyness face many social challenges. Researchers over the past four decades
have begun to identify specific factors that influence shy children’s social skill development and their level of peer acceptance.
The purpose of this article is to review factors across each developmental stage that have been found to either promote or
hinder the development of social competence and peer acceptance in shy children. These factors include physiological differences,
caregiver influences, emotion socialization, friendships, general peer support, coping skills, organized social activities,
and socioeconomic status. 相似文献