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241.
The Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind (WLG) theory of the neurobiological basis of language is of great historical importance, and it continues to exert a substantial influence on most contemporary theories of language in spite of its widely recognized limitations. Here, we suggest that neurobiologically grounded computational models based on the WLG theory can provide a deeper understanding of which of its features are plausible and where the theory fails. As a first step in this direction, we created a model of the interconnected left and right neocortical areas that are most relevant to the WLG theory, and used it to study visual-confrontation naming, auditory repetition, and auditory comprehension performance. No specific functionality is assigned a priori to model cortical regions, other than that implicitly present due to their locations in the cortical network and a higher learning rate in left hemisphere regions. Following learning, the model successfully simulates confrontation naming and word repetition, and acquires a unique internal representation in parietal regions for each named object. Simulated lesions to the language-dominant cortical regions produce patterns of single word processing impairment reminiscent of those postulated historically in the classic aphasia syndromes. These results indicate that WLG theory, instantiated as a simple interconnected network of model neocortical regions familiar to any neuropsychologist/neurologist, captures several fundamental "low-level" aspects of neurobiological word processing and their impairment in aphasia. 相似文献
242.
Recent experimentation has shown that cognitive aptitude measures are predicted by tests of the scope of an individual's attention or capacity in simple working memory tasks and also by the ability to control attention. However, these experiments do not indicate how separate or related the scope and control of attention are. An experiment with 52 children (10 to 11 years old) and 52 college students included measures of the scope and control of attention, as well as verbal and nonverbal aptitude measures. The children showed little evidence of using sophisticated attentional control, but the scope of attention predicted intelligence in that group. In adults, both the scope and control of attention varied among individuals and accounted for considerable individual variance in intelligence. About one third that variance was shared between scope an d control, and the rest was unique to one or the other.Scope and control of attention appear to be related but distinct contributors to intelligence. 相似文献
243.
Scott LD Munson MR McMillen JC Ollie MT 《American journal of community psychology》2006,38(3-4):223-236
This study examined religious involvement and its association to risk behaviors (sexual behavior, marijuana use, alcohol use, and cigarette use) among older youth in foster care (N=383). Three dimensions of religious involvement were assessed—church or religious service attendance, religious practices, and religious beliefs. Findings showed that gender, ethnic group membership, sexual abuse history, and placement type were significantly associated with older foster care youth’s religious involvement. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses showed that religious service attendance was associated with reduced odds of youth’s engagement in sexual behavior in the past 2 months and current use of cigarettes. In addition, greater religious beliefs were associated with a reduction in odds of youth’s use of alcohol in the past 6 months and current use of cigarettes. The consideration of religious involvement as a positive influence and resource that may reduce unhealthy risk behaviors among older youth in foster care is discussed. 相似文献
244.
In this study, the authors examined how overreporting of psychopathology indices on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; L. C. Morey, 1991) performed as screening measures for malingering in a sample of 166 defendants undergoing pretrial court-ordered evaluations in the federal criminal justice system. Using results from the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; R. Rogers, R. M. Bagby, & S. E. Dickens, 1992) as the criterion measure of malingering, the authors found that the Negative Impression scale (NIM) was the most effective PAI screening measure (cut score > or = 81 T). NIM performed as well as an established comparison measure from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989; Infrequency [F] cut score > or = 95 T), supporting the use of either of these indices as reasonable screening measures to identify potential malingerers for subsequent evaluation. 相似文献
245.
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247.
One variable is said to “stochastically dominate” another if the probability of observations smaller than x is greater for one variable than the other, for all x. Inferring stochastic dominance from data samples is important for many applications of econometrics and experimental psychology, but little is known about the performance of existing inferential methods. Through simulation, we show that three of the most widely used inferential methods are inadequate for use in small samples of the size commonly encountered in many applications (up to 400 observations from each distribution). We develop two new inferential methods that perform very well in a limited, but practically important, case where the two variables are guaranteed not to be equal in distribution. We also show that extensions of these new methods, and an improved version of an existing method, perform quite well in the original, unlimited case. 相似文献
248.
Scott Tanona 《Philosophical Studies》2010,148(1):79-87
In recent years, it has become common to defend science against charges of bias against the supernatural by explaining that
science must remain methodologically natural but does not assume metaphysical naturalism. While such a response is correct,
some details about the distinction between methodological naturalism and ontological or metaphysical naturalism have been
lacking, as has a clear understanding of the distinction between the methodological restriction of science to natural explanations
and naturalistic claims about the scope of those methods. We still require an account of the natural that explains well why science is restricted to giving naturalistic methods, and why the pursuit of natural explanations
is not tantamount to the assumption that only natural causes exist. I suggest that the distinguishing characteristics of the
natural are not metaphysical at all but broadly epistemological, concerning goals of intersubjectivity and predictability. I argue
that by focusing on naturalistic goals we can better explain why the pursuit of natural explanations need not presume any
purely natural metaphysics. But I also suggest that the adoption of natural methods is not entirely metaphysically neutral,
as it is associated with values that may be more closely associated with some metaphysical views than others. 相似文献
249.
Anne‐Sophie Deprez‐Sims Scott B. Morris 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2013,21(4):355-367
As the workplace becomes increasingly global, organizations are more likely to employ individuals with non‐native accents. The present study looked at the influence of accents on the evaluation of job applicants during an interview. In addition, a path model was developed to understand the accent condition–hiring recommendation relationship. Participants were asked to evaluate an applicant with one of three accents (Midwestern US, French, Mexican) at two understandability levels (low and high) by listening to an audiofile. The results showed that the applicant with the Midwestern US accent was seen as more hirable than the applicant with the French low understandability accent. The path model indicated that the accent condition–hiring recommendation relationship was mediated by similarity, interpersonal attraction, and understandability. 相似文献
250.
Creative thinking is one of several remarkable capabilities evolved to advanced levels in the human species. Recently a model of the Darwinian evolution of creative thinking has been proposed. The principal tenets of the model are summarized in the present paper. Creative thinking is modeled as a relinkage of connections among mental representations, or among the components of these representations, accompanied at times by the appearance of new components that subsequently participate in the relinking process. Relinking occurs in relationship to a system of causative and motivational connections between the individual, the innate regularities of their cognitive development, and group behavior. This system of connections is termed the gene‐culture heterarchy. Approaches to creative thinking via the gene‐culture heterarchy allow predictions to be made about the mechanism of relinking and how it is affected by genetic and cultural factors. The predictions are based on the methods of sociobiology and evolutionary theory. The implications of this approach to creativity research are briefly reviewed. 相似文献