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101.
Do survey designers bias respondents' answers on attitude/opinion questionnaires through the organization of their survey items? We hypothesize that respondents often employ an anchoring and adjusting strategy in which their response to an initial survey item provides a cognitive anchor from which they insufficiently adjust in answering the subsequent item. Three experiments indicate that respondents often anchor and insufficiently adjust in certain situations. Ultimately, this tendency can affect reliability estimates of scales and the resultant correlations with other measures. In organizing their surveys, researchers may wish to combat this bias by intermixing items designed for different but related constructs. 相似文献
102.
David C. Houghton Maddison R. Franklin Michael P. Twohig Martin E. Franklin Scott N. Compton Angela M. Neal-Barnett Stephen M. Saunders Douglas W. Woods 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2016,38(3):505-513
Although photographic assessment has been found to be reliable in assessing hair loss in Trichotillomania, the validity of this method is unclear, particularly for gauging progress in treatment. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of photographic assessment of change in Trichotillomania. Photographs showing hair loss of adults with Trichotillomania were taken before and after participating in a clinical trial for the condition. Undergraduate college students (N?=?211) rated treatment response according to the photos, and additional archival data on hair pulling severity and psychosocial health were retrieved from the clinical trial. Photographic assessment of change was found to possess fair reliability (ICC?=?0.53), acceptable criterion validity (r?=?0.51), good concurrent validity (r?=?0.30–0.36), and excellent incremental validity (ΔR 2?=?8.67, p?<?0.01). In addition, photographic measures were significantly correlated with change in quality of life (r?=?0.42), and thus could be considered an index of the social validity of Trichotillomania treatment. Gender of the photo rater and pulling topography affected the criterion validity of photographic assessment (partial η 2?=?0.05–0.11). Recommendations for improving photographic assessment and future directions for hair pulling research are discussed. 相似文献
103.
104.
The aim of this article is to assess the measurement invariance of the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) in U.S. Anglo (n = 490) and U.S. Hispanic ( n = 379) samples of college students. The BVAQ items demonstrated invariance of the factor loadings, the latent item intercepts, and unique factor variances. However, Hispanics had higher verbalizing scores and lower fantasizing scores on the latent variables. As a whole, the BVAQ requires additional testing and/or refinement for use with a Hispanic sample. Until such refinements, the authors recommend that the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 be used with U.S. Hispanic samples. 相似文献
105.
Scott Tanona 《Philosophical Studies》2010,148(1):79-87
In recent years, it has become common to defend science against charges of bias against the supernatural by explaining that
science must remain methodologically natural but does not assume metaphysical naturalism. While such a response is correct,
some details about the distinction between methodological naturalism and ontological or metaphysical naturalism have been
lacking, as has a clear understanding of the distinction between the methodological restriction of science to natural explanations
and naturalistic claims about the scope of those methods. We still require an account of the natural that explains well why science is restricted to giving naturalistic methods, and why the pursuit of natural explanations
is not tantamount to the assumption that only natural causes exist. I suggest that the distinguishing characteristics of the
natural are not metaphysical at all but broadly epistemological, concerning goals of intersubjectivity and predictability. I argue
that by focusing on naturalistic goals we can better explain why the pursuit of natural explanations need not presume any
purely natural metaphysics. But I also suggest that the adoption of natural methods is not entirely metaphysically neutral,
as it is associated with values that may be more closely associated with some metaphysical views than others. 相似文献
106.
107.
Studies using Posner’s spatial cueing paradigm have demonstrated that participants can allocate their attention to specific target locations based on the predictiveness of preceding cues. Four experiments were conducted to investigate attentional orienting processes operating in a high probability condition (cues 75% predictive) as compared to a low probability condition (cues 50% predictive) using various types of centrally-presented cues. Spatially-informative cues (arrows and circles with gaps) resulted in cueing effects (CEs) for both probability conditions, with significantly larger CEs in the high probability conditions than the low probability conditions. Participants in the high probability conditions reported little or no awareness of cue–target probabilities after task completion. Our results provide support for an implicit learning account of the proportion valid effect under experimental conditions involving spatially-informative central cues and relatively short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). 相似文献
108.
109.
Children born with a possible predisposition toward shyness face many social challenges. Researchers over the past four decades
have begun to identify specific factors that influence shy children’s social skill development and their level of peer acceptance.
The purpose of this article is to review factors across each developmental stage that have been found to either promote or
hinder the development of social competence and peer acceptance in shy children. These factors include physiological differences,
caregiver influences, emotion socialization, friendships, general peer support, coping skills, organized social activities,
and socioeconomic status. 相似文献
110.
Carlos M. Grilo Ross D. Crosby Marney A. White Stephen A. Wonderlich Scott J. Crow 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(8):692-696
Increasing empirical evidence supports the validity of binge eating disorder (BED), a research diagnosis in the appendix of DSM-IV, and its inclusion as a distinct and formal diagnosis in the DSM-V. A pressing question regarding the specific criteria for BED diagnosis is whether, like bulimia nervosa (BN), it should be characterized by overvaluation of shape and weight. This study compared features of eating disorders in 436 treatment-seeking women comprising four groups: 195 BED participants who overvalue their shape/weight, 129 BED participants with subclinical levels of overvaluation, 61 BN participants, and 51 participants with sub-threshold BN. The BED clinical overvaluation group had significantly higher levels of specific eating disorder psychopathology than the three other groups which did not differ significantly from each other. Findings suggest that overvaluation of shape and weight should not be considered as a required criterion for BED because this would exclude a substantial proportion of BED patients with clinically significant problems. Rather, overvaluation of shape and weight warrants consideration either as a diagnostic specifier or as a dimensional severity rating as it provides important information about severity within BED. 相似文献