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21.
Irit Bluvstein Liat Moravchick David Sheps Shaul Schreiber Miki Bloch 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2013,20(2):164-172
The present study aimed to estimate posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among heart disease survivors and examine whether PTG moderates the association between PTSS and mental health. Data from 82 myocardial infarction and acute coronary artery bypass graft survivors (aged 46–82) was obtained at admission to a cardiac rehabilitation unit. Mental status was assessed by the PTSD Inventory, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Mental Health Inventory and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). 17.1 % of the participants suffered significantly from PTSS and most of the study sample (71.2 %) reported PTG. PTSS were positively associated with PTG and psychological distress and negatively with well-being and HRQOL. PTG moderated the association between PTSS and most mental health outcomes. We conclude that posttraumatic growth may attenuate the negative effect of posttraumatic stress symptoms on mental health. 相似文献
22.
Previous studies on performance monitoring repeatedly found attenuated error-related negativities (Ne/ERN) in elderly, while findings for the correct-related negativity (Nc/CRN) are inconsistent. The present study aimed at clarifying inconsistent Nc/CRN results in elderly. Therefore, a refined design was employed to control for potential influences on the Nc/CRN, namely decision uncertainty and partial error processing. Further, we intended to study Nc/CRN variations with trial compatibility that were found in previous studies for younger but not for older adults. Results revealed increased Nc/CRN and decreased Ne/ERN amplitudes in older compared to younger adults. While the Ne/ERN was larger than the Nc/CRN in younger adults, both components were similar-sized in older adults. Further, a modulation of Nc/CRN amplitudes between compatible and incompatible trials was observed in younger adults, but was absent in older adults. Reduced differentiation of response-related negativities with response accuracy or stimulus compatibility in elderly suggests a reduced adaptation of associated processes to changing demands. Further, this might also point to different processes reflected by Nc/CRN and Ne/ERN and to reduced error-specific monitoring but increased general or strategic monitoring in elderly. 相似文献
23.
Compo NS Evans JR Carol RN Kemp D Villalba D Ham LS Rose S 《Memory (Hove, England)》2011,19(2):202-210
Alcohol typically has a detrimental impact on memory across a variety of encoding and retrieval conditions (e.g., Mintzer, 2007; Ray & Bates, 2006). No research has addressed alcohol's effect on memory for lengthy and interactive events and little has tested alcohol's effect on free recall. In this study 94 participants were randomly assigned to alcohol, placebo, or control groups and consumed drinks in a bar-lab setting while interacting with a "bartender". Immediately afterwards all participants freely recalled the bar interaction. Consistent with alcohol myopia theory, intoxicated participants only differed from placebo and control groups when recalling peripheral information. Expanding on the original hypervigilance hypothesis, placebo participants showed more conservative reporting behaviour than the alcohol or control groups by providing more uncertain and "don't know" responses. Thus, alcohol intoxication had confined effects on memory for events, supporting and extending current theories. 相似文献
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25.
Accounts of subjective randomness suggest that people consider a stimulus random when they cannot detect any regularities
characterizing the structure of that stimulus. We explored the possibility that the regularities people detect are shaped
by the statistics of their natural environment. We did this by testing the hypothesis that people’s perception of randomness
in two-dimensional binary arrays (images with two levels of intensity) is inversely related to the probability with which
the array’s pattern would be encountered in nature. We estimated natural scene probabilities for small binary arrays by tabulating
the frequencies with which each pattern of cell values appears. We then conducted an experiment in which we collected human
randomness judgments. The results show an inverse relationship between people’s perceived randomness of an array pattern and
the probability of the pattern appearing in nature. 相似文献
26.
27.
Christopher M. Altman Dawn E. McQuiston Nadja Schreiber Compo 《Applied cognitive psychology》2019,33(3):426-438
Research shows that alcohol has a small and inconsistent effect on eyewitness recall and no effect on witnesses' lineup decisions. Much of this literature has tested participants with low‐to‐moderate blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels, and no study has directly examined how identification procedure impacts intoxicated witnesses' decisions. In the present study, bar patrons' (N = 132) BAC levels were recorded before participating in a task. Midway through the task, they were interrupted by an intruder. Participants then recalled the incident via a staged interview and attempted to identify the intruder from a target‐present or target‐absent showup or lineup. Although elevated BAC levels (high as 0.24%) reduced the quantity and quality of information provided, BAC had no effect on witnesses' identification decisions regardless of format. Results highlight the importance of testing witness memory across a broad BAC spectrum and provide evidence that alcohol does not affect witnesses' identification ability. 相似文献
28.
Fain DS Sharon A Moscovici L Schreiber S 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2008,58(3):303-326
In this article we explore the content and dynamics of patients' verbalizations within a "living with medications" group. Patients' perceptions of their psychotropic medications are interpreted and classified within the framework of object relations theory. One's perception of the role of medication in one's life can serve as a gateway to one's inner world and the way that he or she perceives authority figures, peers, and oneself. We suggest that working through patients' relationships with their medications can help them to achieve better integration of internal object relations. Discussing patients' views about medications should therefore be seen as an important part of psychotherapy with many individuals. Such a discussion may enhance and improve efficacy of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. It is of particular importance in group therapy, within milieu environments and with individuals reluctant to explicitly discuss interpersonal matters. Vignettes from the group sessions illustrate the way in which discussing medication advances group process. 相似文献
29.
Andrea Follmer Greenhoot George Semb John Colombo Thomas Schreiber 《Applied cognitive psychology》2004,18(2):203-221
This investigation focuses on the relations between prior beliefs, methodological concepts, and college students' (N=211) scientific reasoning in different problem contexts. Participants were presented with exercises that described the method and results of experiments, and were asked to draw conclusions about the causal status of variables that violated their prior beliefs. Participants drew conclusions in both abstract (i.e. recommend a conclusion for the fictional experimenter), and personal settings (i.e. draw their own conclusions about the phenomenon). Participants' recommendations for the hypothetical experimenter were predicted by their understanding of two methodological concepts: the function of empirical evidence and experimental control. Students' personal conclusions were predicted by their prior beliefs and their appreciation of the objectivity of inquiry. Thus, even when students understand in the abstract how data should relate to scientific conclusions, prior beliefs often take precedence in their own conclusions, especially when they do not understand the issue of objectivity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
30.
This article summarizes the results of a 15-year research program dedicated to understanding how implicitly activated memories affect remembering and proposes a model for describing such influences. Implicit memories are manipulated by varying the number of associates preexperimentally linked to test cues or to studied words. Assumptions of the model specify when implicit memories of various types are likely to contribute to performance in various tasks. The main assumptions are that encoding involves both explicit and implicit processing components and that these components provide mutually exclusive sources of information during testing. Experiments designed to evaluate the exclusivity assumption are reported, and implications of the findings for several theoretical frameworks are discussed. 相似文献