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421.
The Müller-Lyer and Ponzo illusions were obtained under free binocular viewing of three-dimensional objects, and the function relating magnitude of illusion to fin angle, characteristic of converging-line versions of the Müller-Lyer pattern, was closely paralleled by volumetric (three-cone), line-free objects (but not with an erect, planar “walk-through” construction and moving observers). Illusions cannot be dismissed as artifacts of static, impoverished viewing, therefore, but must be explained within any general theory of perception. Perspective explanations have difficulties with such three-dimensional manifestations, and seem completely inapplicable to our further finding that approximately the same amount of illusion occurred in objects and patterns with no oblique lines or edges. Confusion or averaging theories, not themselves tested here, remain unthreatened by these data. 相似文献
422.
Koshuta MA Schmitz PJ Lynn J 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》1991,1(2):133-9; discussion 139-40
The issues involved in deciding whether to use artificial methods of delivering hydration and nutrition are often very difficult for patients, families, and health care providers. Once private and personal matters, these decisions now frequently involve the judicial system. Five years ago, Hospice of Washington recognized the need for a written policy and wrote the one published here. Its goal is to respect individual preferences and family concerns while addressing the nutrition and hydration needs of dying patients. The policy sets parameters on the issue, provides basic information, and encourages crafting the most fitting resolution to each situation. 相似文献
423.
Marc A. Zimmerman Thomas M. Reischl Edward Seidman Julian Rappaport Paul A. Toro Deborah A. Salem 《American journal of community psychology》1991,19(2):251-278
Described a study of the expansion strategies of a successful self- and mutual help organization for persons with mental illness. Resource mobilization and behavior-setting theories were used as conceptual frameworks to guide the investigation. Collaborative methods and a grounded theory approach were used. Archives, reports of contacts outside of the organization, and naturalistic observations were data sources. Of particular interest are the processes used by the organization to mobilize internal and external resources and to start new mutual help groups. Results suggest that the organization mobilizes resources from a variety of sources, displays flexibility in securing resources and defining organizational roles, and creates underpopulated settings to encourage individual involvement. The strategies appear to avoid overtaxing resource pools, reduce role ambiguity, and encourage pluralistic participation. Discussion includes several potential explanations for the successful growth of the organization. 相似文献
424.
Measuring post-traumatic stress: A psychometric evaluation of symptom- and coping questionnaires based on a Norwegian sample 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jarle Eid Julian F. Thayer & BJØRN H. Johnsen 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1999,40(2):101-108
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Norweigian versions of the Impact of Event Scale, the Post Traumatic Stress Scale-10 item version and General Coping Questionnaire-30 item version. A group of 40 male and 56 female medical students was tested one week and four months after having started dissection of cadavers for the first time. The results showed that all scales had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The student sample scored lower on the IES and PTSS-10 than comparable groups of traumatized subjects. A gender difference emerged, with female subjects scoring higher than male subjects. The factor analysis of the instruments indicated good construct validity for the symptom scales. The analysis of content validity related to DSM IV criteria indicated that the IES and PTSS-10 may have some limitations in their predictive validity of PTSD. Taken together, the three scales have shown good psychometric properties and could be used in future research and clinical work. 相似文献
425.
Julian Dodd 《Analysis》1999,59(264):291-299
426.
427.
Roberts LJ Salem D Rappaport J Toro PA Luke DA Seidman E 《American journal of community psychology》1999,27(6):841-868
The helping transactions that occur in group meetings have been theorized to be important therapeutic mechanisms within mutual-help (or self-help) groups. Hypothesized links between giving and receiving help and psychosocial adjustment were examined in a mutual-help group for individuals with serious mental illness (GROW). Participants' adjustment was assessed at two time points and helping behaviors were measured with observational coding of weekly group interactions during the period between assessments. Frequencies of helping behaviors were used to predict Time 2 adjustment after controlling for initial adjustment. Consistent with the helper therapy principle, giving help to others predicted improvements in psychosocial adjustment; giving advice was a unique predictor. Total amount of help received was not associated with adjustment, but receiving help that provided cognitive reframing was associated with better social adjustment. A predicted interaction suggested that receiving help was related to better functioning when members experienced high levels of group integration. 相似文献
428.
429.
Julian C. Stanley 《Psychometrika》1961,26(2):205-219
The seven analysis-of-variance mean squares for an unreplicated three-way classification may be written as linear combinations of a mean variance and three mean covariances. Formulas are presented for computing the mean variances and mean covariances from linear combinations of mean squares. The relevance of these formulas for assessing rater biases and trait independence is discussed, a numerical example is provided, and proposed extensions are briefly noted.The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The assistance of Sister M. Jacinta Mann, S. C., at one stage of this investigation is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
430.