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31.
Dr. Heinz Schmidtke 《Psychological research》1951,23(5):409-463
Ohne ZusammenfassungErklärung der Abkürzungen Add.-Lstg.
Additionsleistung
- AZ
Arbeitszeit
- B/sec
Anzahl der Blitze je Sekundes
- KP
Kurzpause
- Lstg.
Leistung
-
M
Mittelwert (arithm. Mittel)
- TZ
Teilzeit
- Vfr.
Verschmelzungsfrequenz = Flimmergrenze
- VL
Versuchsleiter
- Vp.
Versuchsperson
- Vpn.
Versuchspersonen
-
Mittlere Abweichung vom Mittelwert
-
M
Mittlerer Fehler des Mittelwertes 相似文献
32.
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35.
Armin Grunwald 《Nanoethics》2010,4(2):91-101
In the wake of the emergence and rapid development of nanoethics there swiftly followed fundamental criticism: nanoethics
was said to have become much too involved with speculative developments and was concerning itself too little with actually
pending questions of nanotechnology design and applications. If this diagnosis is true, then large parts of nanoethics are
misguided. Such fundamental criticism must surely either result in a radical reorientation of nanoethics or be refuted for
good reasons. In this paper, I will examine the critics’ central arguments and, building on this scrutiny, formulate an answer
to these alternatives. The results lead to conclusions which allow explaining and unfolding the thesis of this paper that
instead of speculative nanoethics we should better speak of and develop explorative philosophy of nanotechnology. 相似文献
36.
Maintenance of fluency after intensive in-patient treatment was studied in eight male stammerers. Reasons for success and failure are discussed in relation to objective and subjective data collected at the final follow-up interview. 相似文献
37.
Thomas Kleinsorge Volker Schmidtke Patrick Gajewski Herbert Heuer 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(3):455-469
In an experiment that combined the task-shifting methodology with a serial reaction-time task, three groups of participants had to shift among a set of four tasks that were arranged in regular sequences of length eight. Two groups of participants were given explicit knowledge about the sequence of tasks. To ensure that the knowledge of the sequence was referred to in each trial, one group was asked to verbalise the forthcoming task (verbalisation group), whereas the other group had to detect trials that deviated from the learned sequence (detection group). Participants of a control group were given no information about the sequence of tasks. In addition, for all experimental groups in half of the blocks of trials external precues were presented which indicated the forthcoming task. The control group exhibited substantial task-shifting costs that were greatly reduced by the presentation of precues. Participants of the explicit-knowledge groups showed no indication that explicit knowledge resulted in advance preparation of the forthcoming task. In addition, the effect of the precues depended on the secondary task that had to be performed on the basis of explicit knowledge. Whereas for the detection group precues reduced shift costs to the same degree as for the control group, the verbalisation group showed no precueing benefits at all. 相似文献
38.
Irene A. Kuling Armin Kohlrausch James F. Juola 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(7):1583-1599
The integration of visual and auditory inputs in the human brain works properly only if the components are perceived in close temporal proximity. In the present study, we quantified cross-modal interactions in the human brain for audiovisual stimuli with temporal asynchronies, using a paradigm from rhythm perception. In this method, participants had to align the temporal position of a target in a rhythmic sequence of four markers. In the first experiment, target and markers consisted of a visual flash or an auditory noise burst, and all four combinations of target and marker modalities were tested. In the same-modality conditions, no temporal biases and a high precision of the adjusted temporal position of the target were observed. In the different-modality conditions, we found a systematic temporal bias of 25–30 ms. In the second part of the first and in a second experiment, we tested conditions in which audiovisual markers with different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) between the two components and a visual target were used to quantify temporal ventriloquism. The adjusted target positions varied by up to about 50 ms and depended in a systematic way on the SOA and its proximity to the point of subjective synchrony. These data allowed testing different quantitative models. The most satisfying model, based on work by Maij, Brenner, and Smeets (Journal of Neurophysiology 102, 490–495, 2009), linked temporal ventriloquism and the percept of synchrony and was capable of adequately describing the results from the present study, as well as those of some earlier experiments. 相似文献
39.
Craig A. Nordham Emmanuelle Tognoli Armin Fuchs J. A. Scott Kelso 《Ecological Psychology》2018,30(3):224-249
How one behaves after interacting with a friend may not be the same as before the interaction. The present study investigated which spontaneous coordination patterns formed between 2 persons and whether a remnant of the interaction remained (“social memory”). Pairs of people sat face-to-face and continuously flexed index fingers while vision between partners was manipulated to allow or prevent information exchange. Trials consisted of 3 successive 20-s intervals: without vision, with vision, and again without vision. Steady, transient, or absent phase coupling was observed during vision. In support of social memory, participants tended to remain near each other's movement frequency after the interaction ended. Furthermore, the greater the stability of interpersonal coordination, the more similar partners' postinteractional frequencies became. Proposing that social memory resulted from prior frequency adaptation, a model based on Haken–Kelso–Bunz (HKB) oscillators reproduced the experimental findings, even for patterns observed on individual trials. Parametric manipulations revealed multiple routes to social memory through the interplay of adaptation and other model parameters. The experimental results, model, and interpretation motivate potential future research and therapeutic applications. 相似文献
40.
Commonly recognized, the training procedure one employs often affects the results they obtain. Here, we demonstrate for the
first time that abstract-concept learning is affected by employing a differential-outcomes procedure. The differential-outcome
effect has been shown to occur for item-specific strategies but has not been established for relational strategies. To test
whether different-outcome expectancies can facilitate a relational strategy, eight pigeons were trained and tested in a two-item
same/different task with pictures. After pecking an upper picture, they pecked a lower picture if the pictures were the same or a white rectangle if the pictures were different. Two groups of pigeons were rewarded with either different outcomes (sounds and food amounts) or same outcomes. Both groups
were trained to criterion with successively larger picture sets (8–1,024 items) and were transfer tested with novel pictures
following each acquisition. With the smallest training sets, neither group showed any novel-stimulus transfer. But after acquiring
the task with 32 pictures, the different-outcomes group responded more accurately to novel pictures than the same-outcome
group. As the training set-size increased, both groups’ transfer performance converged and became equivalent to training performance.
These results show for the first time that training with different outcomes facilitates abstract-concept learning. 相似文献