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581.
The articles in this volume present a unique perspective on participatory evaluation of development programs and projects. The authors are all evaluators and researchers who reside in the South or have extensive Third World experience. They present a broad range of insight into the forms of participation that are feasible and desirable in the evaluation of development activities. 相似文献
582.
F. Harry Cummings 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1997,10(1-2):24-33
There has been an emphasis in the development and research literature on the participation of beneficiaries in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of projects. Initially, approaches were described as facilitating participation. However, in more recent years the term participatory has been used. As this trend has occurred there has been an increasing advocacy of the participatory approach as a prerequisite for projects. The analysis starts with an identification of the differences between participation and participatory approaches to planning and evaluation. The importance of recognizing when participation may be appropriate as opposed to more participatory approaches is outlined. Conditions for the success of participatory approaches are noted and a set of criteria are recommended. The analysis is illustrated with examples from diverse geographic and subject-matter backgrounds. 相似文献
583.
The studies reported here were directed toward ascertaining in a variety of organisms whether or not any of the three lobes
of the pituitary gland affected thyroid activity. We documented a thyroid stimulating action of the anterior lobe of the pituitary
gland extract that was not shared in by either the intermediate or posterior lobes. Pilocarpine first depressed the stimulating
action of the pituitary extract but, after the fifth injection, it accentuated the response of the thyroid gland to the pituitary
extract.
Highlights of a thesis submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Editor’s Comment: Konstantin Sudakov is a renowned physiologist who directs the institute in Moscow that is dedicated to P.K. Anokhin. Anokhin
worked with Pavlov during the 1920s and became Professor of Physiology at the Gorky Institute. Professor Sudakov recounts
the history of Anokhin’s extension of Pavlov’s theory of conditioned reflex to a concept of functional systems. 相似文献
584.
It was of interest in the present study to examine the influence of both aggressive and nonaggressive models who are successful or nonsuccessful in reducing aggression from an aggressive opponent. Male and female subjects viewed a same-sexed model interact with an aggressive opponent in a reaction time task. Half the subjects observed an aggressive model while the remaining subjects observed a nonaggressive model. For half the subjects the model was successful in reducing the aggressiveness of the opponent. Results indicated that both the model's behavior and the consequences to the model (success/nonsuccess) were important determinants of subsequent aggression by the subject. Results are discussed in terms of current research and theory in aggression control. 相似文献
585.
An experiment is reported, the results of which confirm and extend an earlier observation that visual information for the speaker’s lip movements profoundly modifies the auditorv perception of natural speech by normally hearing subjects. The effect is most pronounced when there is auditory information for a bilabial utterance combined with visual information for a nonlabial utterance. However, the effect is also obtained with the reverse combination, although to a lesser extent. These findings are considered for their relevance to auditory theories of speech perception. 相似文献
586.
587.
588.
Harry Kay 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1954,6(4):155-169
Sixty-four subjects, aged between 15 and 72 years were told how to carry out a problem-solving task, whose difficulty could be varied by changing the position of an index card in relation to a display and control.
The outstanding feature, particularly of the older group's performance was the repetition of the same two kinds of mistake. Their failure seemed mainly due to an inability to rid themselves of their wrong “solutions,” in spite of the constant information indicating the mistake at each position. Whilst these differences between the age groups were hot pronounced at the easiest task, they were at the most difficult.
It is suggested that: Firstly, the procedure of giving a subject the solution to a problem and observing how he reconciles his information with it, though only operating in a circumscribed area of problem-solving, is a genuine example of thinking, and, particularly where certain kinds of mistake can be predicted, it enables the experimenter to gain a more exact impression of what a subject is doing. Secondly, the manipulation of spatial contiguities lends itself to flexible and fairly precise measurement, and the principle might usefully be extended to other variables such as size, time intervals, colour, etc. 相似文献
The outstanding feature, particularly of the older group's performance was the repetition of the same two kinds of mistake. Their failure seemed mainly due to an inability to rid themselves of their wrong “solutions,” in spite of the constant information indicating the mistake at each position. Whilst these differences between the age groups were hot pronounced at the easiest task, they were at the most difficult.
It is suggested that: Firstly, the procedure of giving a subject the solution to a problem and observing how he reconciles his information with it, though only operating in a circumscribed area of problem-solving, is a genuine example of thinking, and, particularly where certain kinds of mistake can be predicted, it enables the experimenter to gain a more exact impression of what a subject is doing. Secondly, the manipulation of spatial contiguities lends itself to flexible and fairly precise measurement, and the principle might usefully be extended to other variables such as size, time intervals, colour, etc. 相似文献
589.
590.
Harry Wardlaw 《Sophia》2005,44(1):77-90
This paper presents Karl Jaspers understanding of truth as communication as a framework for reflecting on the nature of truth-claims
in Christian theology. Jaspers argues that the fact that we communicate with each other in several different modes implies
that the criteria of truth in our discourse must vary in these different modes. In developing this view he distinguishes between
four modes of communication: the mode of presenting and defending vital personal interests, the mode of common understanding
of the observable world, the mode of developing and operating with ideas of unifying spiritual wholeness, and the mode of
authentic personal identity. The formation of this framework draws heavily on Kant. His discussion of the spiritual ideas
for example clearly links with Kant regulative ideas of reason. Yet where Kant seems to limit thwese ideas to three: the self,
the world and God, Jaspers seems to offer a more open and indefinite view. This becomes important for making a comparison
between his account of truth and an account which could accommodate claims of the Christian thelogians. 相似文献