A “Primer” in Conceptual Metaphor for Counselors

Conceptual metaphor provides a potentially powerful counseling framework, generalizable across theoretical orientations. According to the conceptual perspective, metaphor is not merely a matter of language, but is an indispensable dimension of human understanding and experience whereby more abstract ideas (like relationships) are understood in terms of more concrete experiences (like journeys). Consequently, when a couple in counseling says, “we're just spinning our wheels,” they are not only using a common colloquial expression, but also giving information about how they conceptualize their relationship. This article provides a theoretical foundation for use of conceptual metaphor and offers examples of its potential for counseling.     

Cross-cultural Psychology

This article examines some of the limitations of social psychology and shows how they can be remedied by increased attention to cross-cultural studies. For example, many of the key constructs of the discipline, such as self, conformity, control, intelligence, and well being, are culture bound. The author proposes directions in theory development and methodology that will incorporate cultural syndromes in social psychological theories. Also, the author gives examples of methodologies that can consider simultaneously attributes of the participants (including their culture), attributes of the actors and targets of action (including their culture), attributes of the setting and context of the study, the prior relationships of the actor and target, and the attributes of the behaviors under examination.     

A statistical model which combines features of factor analytic and analysis of variance techniques

This paper describes a method of matrix decomposition which retains the ability of factor analytic techniques to summarize data in terms of a relatively low number of coordinates; but at the same time, does not sacrifice the useful analysis of variance heuristic of partitioning data matrices into independent sources of variation which are relatively simple to interpret. The basic model is essentially a two-way analysis of variance model which requires that the matrix of interaction parameters be decomposed by using factor analytic techniques. Problems of judging statistical significance are discussed; and an illustrative example is presented.Much of the work on this paper was completed while the author held a U.S.P.H.S. Postdoctoral Fellowship at Yale University (1964–65). Many of the ideas in this paper have been discussed in the author's doctoral dissertation which was submitted to Yale University in 1965.Special thanks are due to Robert P. Abelson for his encouragement and for many helpful and stimulating discussions about problems which arose in the preparation of this paper. I would also like to thank Francis J. Anscombe and Alan T. James for their valuable suggestions and constructive criticism of an earlier draft of this article.     

The square root method and multiple group methods of factor analysis

The square root method for the solution of a set of simultaneous linear equations or the reduction of a matrix has been known for some time under a variety of names. Because of its usefulness in statistical work, especially in factor analysis, the square root method is presented in general terms and an example given. Several independently developed multiple group methods for factor analysis are compared and synthesized. Their fundamental concepts are set forth and an appropriate system of notation developed. Detailed computational procedures are outlined, and the square root method is emphasized as a computing aid in multiple group analysis.The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect official Department of the Army policy. The author is now with The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.     

Modifications of Treatment Approaches for Axis I Disorders in Patients Who Also Have a Concurrent Axis II Disorder

Personality disorders have been an area of active interest in psychiatry for many years. Mental health professionals have suspected that these disorders retard the treatment of Axis I disorder and a comorbid personality (Axis II) disorder represents a special clinical challenge. This report draws from empirical literature in the field and the experience of the author to provide one possible theoretical framework to use in viewing these patients as well as practical suggestions to improve management of patients with these comorbid conditions.     

POLITICAL EQUALITY IN JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS

Philosophical Studies -     

Family Centred Brief Solution-focused Therapy with Chronic Schizophrenia: a Pilot Study

The purpose of the study was to pilot a family centred brief solution-focused therapy model (BSFT) with families and clients diagnosed with schizophrenia. A control group of clients and their families received traditional outpatient therapy, while an experimental group of clients and their families were treated with a BSFT model. All participants were pre-tested and then post-tested with the Family Environment Scale after five therapy sessions over a ten-week period. Significant differences between the groups were found on expressiveness, active-recreational orientation, moral-religious emphasis and family incongruence. The participation of families and clients with schizophrenia in family centred brief solution-focused therapy produced encouraging results and demonstrated the need for expanded studies using BSFT with other chronically mentally ill clients and their families.     

On the Ethics of Constructing Realities

The author describes the successful use of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy intervention with an 11-year-old female who had been hospitalized for two weeks because she could not walk. He raises some ethical questions about the use of diagnosis “if, or when, we know different and maybe faster and simpler ways to find out what can be helpful?”