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91.
Taeko Wachi Kazumi Watanabe Kaeko Yokota Mamoru Suzuki Maki Hoshino Atsushi Sato Goro Fujita 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2007,4(1):29-52
This study of Japanese female serial arsonists examined their crimes and background characteristics. The data were a sample from the national police register containing arson cases resulting in charges in Japan between 1982 and 2005. Serial arsonists were 6% of the arson offenders and 12% of these were female, resulting in 83 female serial arsonist data sets. The mean age was 37.6 years and 43% were unemployed. Nearly half were married. Only 28% had a documented history of mental problems and 22% had a prior arrest, usually for theft (19%). Female serial arsonists are characterised by going to a place near their home with a lighter and setting fire directly to combustible materials. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling was used to analyse 33 variables related to the offences. The arsons could be differentiated in terms of either expressive or instrumental sources of action. Expressive arsons were opportunistic and impulsive acts, motivated by emotional distress. The fires were mostly set close to home. Expressive arsons were characteristic of 66% of the females. Instrumental arsons were often motivated by revenge and involved planned and goal‐directed behaviours. They were committed by 13% of the females. Instrumental arsonists tended to travel further from home. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
92.
Presenting a target-like distractor in an RSVP task deteriorates the detection of a trailing target, because the visual system
has difficulties in rejecting the erroneously accepted distractor. We investigated whether the rejection process is influenced
by observers’ knowledge regarding possible distractors. Observers identified a letter (target) embedded in a stream of line
patterns, rejecting a preceding distractor (digit). We informed the observers about either the category of distractors (“digit”)
or the identity of the distractor (e.g., “5”). The distractors with certain distractor–target lags increased identification
errors, indicating that the distractor rejection process temporarily interfered with the target identification. When the observers
knew the distractor identity, the rejection process started later than when they knew only the distractor category. These
results suggest that the rejection process may operate at either the category or the individual-item level; however, the setting
of the rejection level is not under the observers’ control. 相似文献
93.
Time perception is involved in various cognitive functions. This study investigated the characteristics of short-term memory for event duration by examining how the length of the retention period affects inter- and intramodal duration judgment. On each trial, a sample stimulus was followed by a comparison stimulus, after a variable delay period (0.5?C5?s). The sample and comparison stimuli were presented in the visual or auditory modality. The participants determined whether the comparison stimulus was longer or shorter than the sample stimulus. The distortion pattern of subjective duration during the delay period depended on the sensory modality of the comparison stimulus but was not affected by that of the sample stimulus. When the comparison stimulus was visually presented, the retained duration of the sample stimulus was shortened as the delay period increased. Contrarily, when the comparison stimulus was presented in the auditory modality, the delay period had little to no effect on the retained duration. Furthermore, whenever the participants did not know the sensory modality of the comparison stimulus beforehand, the effect of the delay period disappeared. These results suggest that the memory process for event duration is specific to sensory modality and that its performance is determined depending on the sensory modality in which the retained duration will be used subsequently. 相似文献
94.
Previous studies have explored the effects of attention on spatial representation. Specifically, in the attentional repulsion effect, a transient visual cue that captures attention has been shown to alter the perceived position of a target stimulus to the direction away from the cue. The effect is also susceptible to retrospective influence, that attention appears to attract the target when the cue appears afterwards. This study examined the necessity of visual awareness of the cue in these phenomena. We found that when the cues were rendered invisible by backward visual masks, both repulsion and attraction effects were weakened but still observed. The results suggest that the effects possibly depend on processes that are not necessarily associated with conscious visual awareness of the cues. We conjecture that attentional shift produced by the weak, invisible cues may play a role in spatial distortion; but other possible accounts including non-attentional ones are also discussed. 相似文献
95.
Aki Kondo Kohske Takahashi Katsumi Watanabe 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(7):1347-1352
Responses in a current trial are biased by the stimulus and response in the preceding trial. In a mixed-category sequence, the sequential dependency is weaker when the stimuli of the current and preceding trials fall under different categories. In the present study, we investigated the influence of the gender membership of faces on the sequential dependency. Forty-eight pictures of male and female faces were presented successively. Participants rated the attractiveness, roundness, or intelligence of each face on a 7-point scale. The sequential effect was robustly observed, irrespective of the property to be judged. However, between-gender sequential dependency was weaker than within-gender dependency only in the attractiveness judgment. These findings suggest that the gender of faces serves as a cue for forming category representations when face attractiveness is of interest, and hence that the formation of categories in sequential decisions is an adaptive process that depends on the property to be judged. 相似文献
96.
Psychometric Properties of the Revised Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS-R) in Chinese Adolescents
Kwok-Kei Mak Ching-Man Lai Chih-Hung Ko Chien Chou Dong-Il Kim Hiroko Watanabe Roger C. M. Ho 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2014,42(7):1237-1245
The Revised Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS-R) was developed to assess Internet addiction in Chinese populations, but its psychometric properties in adolescents have not been examined. This study aimed to evaluate the factor structure and psychometric properties of CIAS-R in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. 860 Grade 7 to 13 students (38 % boys) completed the CIAS-R, the Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) in a survey. The prevalence of Internet addiction as assessed by CIAS-R was 18 %. High internal consistency and inter-item correlations were reported for the CIAS-R. Results from the confirmatory factor analysis suggested a four-factor structure of Compulsive Use and Withdrawal, Tolerance, Interpersonal and Health-related Problems, and Time Management Problems. Moreover, results of hierarchical multiple regression supported the incremental validity of the CIAS-R to predict mental health outcomes beyond the effects of demographic differences and self-reported time spent online. The CIAS is a reliable and valid measure of internet addiction problems in Hong Kong adolescents. Future study is warranted to validate the cutoffs of the CIAS-R for identification of adolescents with Internet use problems who may have mental health needs. 相似文献
97.
Watanabe Shigeru Scheich Henning Braun Katharina Shinozuka Kazutaka 《Animal cognition》2022,25(1):33-41
Animal Cognition - Phobia against spiders or snakes is common in humans, and similar phobia-like behaviors have been observed in non-human animals. Visual images of snakes elicit phobia in humans,... 相似文献
98.
Shoichi Onda Hiroki Watanabe Takeshi I. Okamoto Hiroyuki Kondo Hideyuki Uehigashi 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2015,95(10):489-495
The Burgers vectors of the so-called threading screw dislocations (a total of 28 dislocations) in 4H-SiC were determined by large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction. A new type of TSD, that is, b = c + 2a dislocation, was identified. Thus, all of the four types of TSD predicted by Onda et al. [Phil. Mag. Lett. 93 (2013) p.591] were identified. 相似文献
99.
Morito Akiyama Chao-Nan Xu Masanori Taira Kazuhiro Nonaka Tadahiko Watanabe 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(9):735-740
We have investigated the dependence of the mechanoluminescence intensity from Sr3Al2O6: Eu on compressive stress. The distribution of the mechanoluminescence intensity, which is clearly visible to the naked eye, is consistent with the calculated stress distribution. The luminescence centre has been identified as the Eu2+ ion from spectra of the mechanoluminescence and also from photoluminescence studies of Sr3Al2O6: Eu. The mechanoluminescence intensity decreases on repetitive application of stress but recovers completely on irradiation with ultraviolet light. The Sr3Al2O6: Eu is a p-type semiconductor and has hole traps of depth 0.11 eV. It is suggested that the mechanoluminescence mechanism arises from the movement of dislocations and recombination between electrons and holes released from these traps which are associated with Eu2+ centres. 相似文献
100.
The effect of magnetic crystallization on texture evolution and control in nanocrystalline materials has been studied using a melt-spun amorphous Fe78Si9B13 alloy. The magnetic crystallization was conducted at temperatures ranging from 653 to 853?K in a magnetic field up to 6?T. The temperatures used for magnetic crystallization were chosen on the basis of the Curie and crystallization temperatures of the amorphous phase, and the Curie temperature of the crystallized phase. The resultant microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction and FE-SEM/EBSP/OIM techniques. It was found that a sharp {110} texture developed when the amorphous precursor was crystallized at 853?K in a magnetic field of 6?T applied in a direction parallel to the ribbon surface. 相似文献