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871.
This paper is a critical overview of the literature on older adults' outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Eighteen outcome studies were reviewed. Results indicated that older patients demonstrated an increased risk for negative outcome following TBI when compared to younger patients with similar injury severity. Poorer outcome was characterized by higher mortality rates, decreased likelihood of returning to preinjury living arrangement, and declines in cognitive and affective functioning. In the studies reviewed, discharge destination, global outcome scales, and standardized neuropsychological tests were the primary measures of outcome from elderly TBI. Conceptual and methodological difficulties including variability in the definition of and inadequate measures of recovery from elderly TBI, inadequate control groups, and poor follow-up were discussed. Recommendations for future outcome research to increase uniformity in defining recovery in order to enhance comparability between studies and to tailor cognitive rehabilitation to the special needs of the older TBI patient were provided. 相似文献
872.
Louis Lefebvre Nikoleta Juretic Nektaria Nicolakakis Sarah Timmermans 《Animal cognition》2001,4(2):91-97
The short notes of ornithology journals feature new and unusual feeding behaviours, which, when systematically collated,
could provide a quantitative estimate of behavioural flexibility in different bird groups. Previous studies suggest that taxonomic
variation in the frequency of new behaviours (innovations) is correlated with variation in relative forebrain size. Recent
work on primates shows, however, that observer bias can affect innovation frequency. We assess this possibility in birds via
three estimates in North America and Australia: the number of full-length papers in academic journals, the frequency of photographs
in birding magazines and a questionnaire on reporting bias given to ornithologists at a meeting. We also look at sampling
effects due to single journal sources by doing a split-half analysis of our North American database (The Wilson Bulletin vs. six other journals) and adding three new Australian journals to the one we had used previously. In multiple regressions
that also included species number per taxon, none of the potential biases could account for the correlation between forebrain
size and innovation frequency. Species number was the best predictor of full-length paper frequency, which was the best predictor
of photograph numbers. Ornithologists are not preferentially interested in innovative, large-brained taxa, suggesting that
the correlation between innovations and neural substrate size is not a spurious effect of the biases examined here.
Accepted after revision: 27 July 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
873.
Schnyer DM Dobbins IG Nicholls L Davis S Verfaellie M Schacter DL 《Memory & cognition》2007,35(6):1472-1482
Repeated classification of a visually presented stimulus rapidly leads to a form of response learning that bypasses the original evaluation in favor of a more efficient response mechanism. In two experiments, we examined the level of input and output representations that make up this form of learning. In Experiment 1, alterations in the finger mapping of the output response had no effect on the expression of response learning, demonstrating that a classification decision, not motor output, is associated with repeated items. In Experiments 2A and 2B, we tested whether response learning would transfer across different visual exemplars of a studied item. There was no evidence of transfer to different visual exemplars, even when these exemplars were judged to be highly visually similar. Taken together, these results indicate that response learning consists of the formation of an association between a specific visual representation and a classification decision. 相似文献
874.
875.
Jon Korfmacher Beth Green Mark Spellmann Kathy R. Thornburg 《Infant mental health journal》2007,28(5):459-480
As researchers have focused on better understanding those circumstances under which home visiting can lead to positive effects on parent and child outcomes, there has been growing interest in examining variation in the experiences of families within these programs, including the quality of the helping relationships between home visitors and parents. The current study examined how participating mothers perceive the helping relationship, using information collected from the Early Head Start National Research and Evaluation Project. Results suggest that although maternal report of the helping relationship is biased towards positive ratings, it remains a significant predictor of program participation, over and above general program satisfaction. Implications for measurement development and program interventions are discussed. 相似文献
876.
Rachel McCloy C. Philip Beaman Beth Morgan Rebecca Speed 《Applied cognitive psychology》2007,21(3):325-344
Two experiments implement and evaluate a training scheme for learning to apply frequency formats to probability judgements couched in terms of percentages. Results indicate that both conditional and cumulative probability judgements can be improved in this manner, however the scheme is insufficient to promote any deeper understanding of the problem structure. In both experiments, training on one problem type only (either conditional or cumulative risk judgements) resulted in an inappropriate transfer of a learned method at test. The obstacles facing a frequency‐based training programme for teaching appropriate use of probability data are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
877.
Larry J Nelson Laura M Padilla-Walker Jason S Carroll Stephanie D Madsen Carolyn McNamara Barry Sarah Badger 《Journal of family psychology》2007,21(4):665-674
The purpose of this study was (a) to identify the criteria parents of emerging adults consider necessary and important for their children to achieve adulthood, (b) to compare parents' criteria for adulthood with the criteria espoused by emerging adults, and (c) to examine how these criteria might differ on the basis of gender of the parent and gender of the child. Participants included 392 unmarried college students, ages 18-25, and at least 1 of their parents (271 fathers, 319 mothers). Results revealed that (a) as did their children, most parents did not yet view their children as adults, (b) there was disagreement between children and their parents in the emphasis they placed on various criteria for adulthood, (c) mothers and fathers did not always agree on the importance of various criteria, and (d) the gender of both the parent and the child played a role in the criteria parents deemed important for adulthood. Taken together, the findings suggest that parents and children view the transition to adulthood differently, which might have implications for the parent-child relationship during this period of development. 相似文献
878.
Denis M McCarthy Andrea M Lynch Sarah L Pederson 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2007,21(3):425-430
Driving after use of marijuana is almost as common as driving after use of alcohol in youth (P. M. O'Malley & L. D. Johnston, 2003). The authors compared college students' attitudes, normative beliefs and perceived negative consequences of driving after use of either alcohol or marijuana and tested these cognitive factors as risk factors for substance-related driving. Results indicated that youth perceived driving after marijuana use as more acceptable to peers and the negative consequences as less likely than driving after alcohol use, even after controlling for substance use. Results of zero-inflated Poisson regression analyses indicated that lower perceived dangerousness and greater perceived peer acceptance were associated with increased engagement in, and frequency of, driving after use of either substance. Lower perceived likelihood of negative consequences was associated with increased frequency for those who engage in substance-related driving. These results provide a basis for comparing how youth perceive driving after use of alcohol and marijuana, as well as similarities in the risk factors for driving after use of these substances. 相似文献
879.
Few Road Traffic Accident (RTA) victims have their psychological needs attended to in hospital or afterwards. We conducted a small-scale preliminary investigation exclusively focussing on the prevalence of poor psychological morbidity following minor road traffic accidents (RTAs). Participants (N?=?50) completed assessments one-month after their minor RTA and (N?=?39) at 4-months follow-up. The identification of clinically significant anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this minor RTA sample supports both evidence reported elsewhere and our specific predictions. Seven (14%) participants at baseline and five (12.8%) at follow-up met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The clinical implications for identifying and meeting the psychological needs of minor RTA victims are discussed in the context of cognitive behavioural conceptualizations of mental disorder. 相似文献
880.
Devilly GJ Ciorciari J Piesse A Sherwell S Zammit S Cook F Turton C 《Psychological science》2007,18(3):212-217
The current article presents two studies that aimed to replicate DePrince and Freyd's (2001, 2004) studies demonstrating that high and low dissociators differentially recall neutral and trauma words under conditions of varying cognitive load. We did not find this effect. This lack of replication was apparent for both free recall and word recognition memory and in both studies. In effect, we found little evidence to support betrayal trauma theory, yet observed increased memory fallibility, as demonstrated by lower general recall and (in one study) commission errors, in high dissociators. 相似文献