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931.
Ellen J. Teng Sara D. Bailey Joseph D. Hamilton Nancy Jo Dunn 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(4):314-321
Under-recognition of somatic symptoms associated with panic in primary care settings results in unnecessary and costly diagnostic
procedures and inappropriate referrals to cardiologists, gastroenterologists, and neurologists. In the current study specialists’
knowledge regarding the nature and treatment of panic were examined. One-hundred and fourteen specialists completed a questionnaire
assessing their knowledge about panic attacks, including their perceptions of psychologists’ role in treating panic. Respondents
answered 51% of knowledge items correctly. Although most knew the definition of a panic attack, they knew less about clinical
features of panic and its treatment. Specifically, whereas 97.4% believed medication effectively relieves panic symptoms,
only 32.5% knew that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment. Only 6% reported knowing how to implement
CBT, and only 56.1% recognized that psychologists could effectively treat panic. These findings demonstrate significant gaps
in specialists’ knowledge about panic and the need to enhance physician knowledge about panic attacks and their treatment. 相似文献
932.
We review recently published papers that have contributed to our understanding of how the preverbal infant represents number, area and time. We review evidence that infants rely on two distinct systems to represent number nonverbally and highlight the similarities in the ratio‐dependent discrimination of number, time and area. Contrary to earlier assertions that continuous dimensions are more salient (and thus more discriminable) to the infant than numerosity, we argue that the opposite conclusion is better supported by the data. The preverbal infant may be better able to extract numerosity than continuous variables from arrays of discrete items. 相似文献
933.
Sharon Warden Tom Ricketts David Saxon Simon Houghton Sara St. Ledger Joe Curran Gearoid Fitzgerald 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2008,8(2):102-109
Different modes of psychotherapy can be an effective form of treatment for a range of mental health problems. Psychotherapy provision in the NHS is organised in a variety of ways, with patient entry to various modes of therapy determined by a range of factors including evidence‐based guidelines and patient or referrer preference. The methods by which patients arrive at a particular mode of psychotherapy are largely unreported. This paper aims to describe this process in one UK NHS psychotherapy service offering cognitive behavioural and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, and provides data to inform a discussion on the theoretical congruence of these allocation decisions. 相似文献
934.
935.
Sara D Youngwirth Elizabeth A Harvey Elizabeth C Gates Rebecca L Hashim Julie L Friedman-Weieneth 《Child neuropsychology》2007,13(5):422-443
This study focused on gaining a better understanding of the neuropsychological abilities of preschool-aged children who show elevated levels of hyperactivity and oppositional-defiance. It examined the performance of children aged 48 to 67 months on tests of attention/executive function, language, memory, and sensorimotor abilities, as measured by the NEPSY and Conners' K-CPT. Two hundred thirty-seven children were divided into four subgroups based on mothers' report of behavior using rating scales and a diagnostic interview: hyperactive only (HYP), oppositional-defiant only (OD), hyperactive and oppositional-defiant (HYP/OD), and nonproblem. Children in the HYP/OD group scored significantly worse than nonproblem children on four of nine subtests on the NEPSY, including one test of executive function, one test of language comprehension, and both tests of short-term verbal memory. However, only the test of executive function (Statue) showed significant predictive power, and, while specificity of this subtest was good, sensitivity was poor. On the K-CPT, a continuous performance test, children in both the HYP and HYP/OD groups performed worse than children in the OD and nonproblem groups. When the NEPSY Statue subtest and the K-CPT were used together, overall predictive power was .74. Results suggest that neuropsychological deficits can be observed among preschool children with hyperactivity, particularly when comorbid oppositional-defiance is present; however, moderate predictive power suggests that these tests should be used in conjunction with other methods of assessment. 相似文献
936.
We argue that conceptual analyses of collective action should be informed by game-theoretic analyses of collective action.
In particular, we argue that Ariel Rubenstein’s so-called ‘Electronic Mail Game’ provides a useful model of collective action,
and of the formation of collective intentions. 相似文献
937.
Examined self-handicapping prior to academic-oriented tasks in children with and without ADHD and examined whether stimulant
medication influenced self-handicapping. Participants were 61 children ages 6 to 13, including 22 children with ADHD tested
after taking a placebo, 21 children with ADHD tested after taking stimulant medication, and 18 non-ADHD controls. Participants
completed three measures of self handicapping and also completed self-evaluations of their performance. Results showed greater
self handicapping and more positive self-evaluations in children with ADHD than in controls regardless of medication condition.
Findings suggest children with ADHD may use self handicapping to ameliorate the effects of experiencing high rates of academic
failure. 相似文献
938.
Alcohol consumption increases aggression, but only in some drinkers. This study extends previous work to show how expectancies for alcohol-induced aggression and dispositional rumination moderate the link between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and hostility in a sample of 285 men and women. Alcohol-aggression expectancies and quantity of alcohol interacted to predict alcohol-related hostility and aggression. Trait rumination moderated the effect of alcohol consumption on aggressive acts. Finally, women who ruminated were more likely to report alcohol-related aggression than were men who ruminated. These results suggest that alcohol expectancies for aggression and rumination constitute two important cognitive facilitators of alcohol-related aggression and hostility, and that gender plays an important role in these relations. 相似文献
939.
Bonato M Fabbri S Umiltà C Zorzi M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(6):1410-1419
Numerical fractions are commonly used to express ratios and proportions (i.e., real numbers), but little is known about how they are mentally represented and processed by skilled adults. Four experiments employed comparison tasks to investigate the distance effect and the effect of the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) for fractions. Results showed that fractions were processed componentially and that the real numerical value of the fraction was not accessed, indicating that processing the fraction's magnitude is not automatic. In contrast, responses were influenced by the numerical magnitude of the components and reflected the simple comparison between numerators, denominators, and reference, depending on the strategy adopted. Strategies were used even by highly skilled participants and were flexibly adapted to the specific experimental context. In line with results on the whole number bias in children, these findings suggest that the understanding of fractions is rooted in the ability to represent discrete numerosities (i.e., integers) rather than real numbers and that the well-known difficulties of children in mastering fractions are circumvented by skilled adults through a flexible use of strategies based on the integer components. 相似文献
940.
Animal and human data suggest the existence of a cross-species system of analog number representation (e.g., Cordes, Gelman, Gallistel, & Whalen, 2001; Meeck & Church, 1983), which may mediate the computation of statistical regularities in the environment (Gallistel, Gelman, & Cordes, 2006). However, evidence of arithmetic manipulation of these nonverbal magnitude representations is sparse and lacking in depth. This study uses the analysis of variability as a tool for understanding properties of these combinatorial processes. Human subjects participated in tasks requiring responses dependent upon the addition, subtraction, or reproduction of nonverbal counts. Variance analyses revealed that the magnitude of both inputs and answer contributed to the variability in the arithmetic responses, with operand variability dominating. Other contributing factors to the observed variability and implications for logarithmic versus scalar models of magnitude representation are discussed in light of these results. 相似文献