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231.
John W. Mullennix Steven E. Stern Benjamin Grounds Rob Kalas Mary Flaherty Sara Kowalok Eric May Brian Tessmer 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(4):513-526
In two experiments, memory distortions for voice pitch and speaking rate were examined. In both experiments, a significant distortion effect for voice pitch was observed, with listeners biased towards selecting voices lower in pitch than low‐pitch targets and selecting voices higher in pitch than high‐pitch targets. In contrast, for speaking rate there was little evidence for the production of memory distortions. The results are discussed in terms of transient surface properties of speech and how transience may be a factor in producing distortions. The results have implications for how errors arise during earwitness testimony for a suspect's voice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
232.
This paper focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments, generally referred to as argument scheme. After outlining our approach, denominated Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT, see Rigotti and Greco Morasso 2006, 2009; Rigotti 2006, 2008, 2009), we compare it to other modern and contemporary approaches, to eventually illustrate some advantages offered by it. In spite
of the evident connection with the tradition of topics, emerging also from AMT’s denomination, its involvement in the contemporary
dialogue on argument schemes should not be overlooked. The model builds in particular on the theoretical and methodological
perspective of pragma-dialectics in its extended version, reconciling dialectic and rhetoric; nevertheless, it also takes into account numerous other contributions to the
study of argument schemes. Aiming at a representation of argument schemes able to monitor the inferential cohesion and completeness
of arguments, AMT focuses on two components of argument scheme that could be distinguished, readapting pragma-dialectical
terms, as procedural and material respectively. The procedural component is based on the semantic-ontological structure, which generates the inferential connection from which the logical
form of the argument is derived. The material component integrates into the argument scheme the implicit and explicit premises bound to the contextual common ground (Rigotti
2006). In this paper, the comparison of the AMT to other approaches focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments and
not on the typologies of argument schemes and on the principles they are based on, which the authors intend to tackle in a
further paper. 相似文献
233.
We examined early adolescents’ reasoning about relational aggression, and the links that their reasoning has to their own
relationally aggressive behavior. Thinking about relational aggression was compared to thinking about physical aggression,
conventional violations, and personal behavior. In individual interviews, adolescents (N = 103) rated the acceptability of relational aggression, physical aggression, conventional violations, and personal behavior,
and justified their ratings. Results indicated that adolescents’ views about relational aggression are complex. Although gossip
was viewed as very wrong (comparable to beliefs about physical aggression), exclusion was perceived to be somewhat acceptable
(less wrong than conventional violations, but more wrong than personal behaviors). With regard to associations between beliefs
about aggression and aggressive behavior, the results indicated that beliefs about gossip were associated with gossiping behavior,
and that beliefs about physical aggression were associated with physically aggressive behavior. No links emerged between beliefs
about exclusion and exclusionary behavior. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed within the frameworks
of social domain theory and social information processing models of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
234.
This study of the influence of culture on emerging adults’ perception of parenthood aims to compare perceptions in a traditional,
conservative society (Arab) and those in a Western-oriented modern society (Jewish). The attitudes of Arab and Jewish students
in Israel were examined regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for parenthood and the cost of parenthood. Participants
were 276 single, nonparent students, age 20–28 years. As hypothesized, the findings revealed that Jewish emerging adults expressed
higher intrinsic motivation for parenthood and lower extrinsic motivation than their Arab counterparts and mentioned a later
age as the preferred time for entering parenthood than did the Arabs. However, contrary to the hypothesis, the expected cost
of parenthood was found to be higher among Arab female participants than among their Jewish counterparts. The findings are
discussed against intercultural differences and reciprocal influences of societies with different orientations regarding collectivist
and individualistic values, in the context of parenthood motivation. 相似文献
235.
Kendra L. Marvin John T. Rapp Michelle T. Stenske Nairim R. Rojas Greg J. Swanson Sara M. Bartlett 《Behavioral Interventions》2010,25(2):109-127
We evaluated the effects of response repetition (RR) as an error‐correction procedure for increasing sight‐word reading for four individuals using a multiple baseline design. The results for each participant showed that correct responding increased following the introduction of the RR procedure. In addition, responding for three of four participants showed evidence of stimulus generalization, response generalization, or both. Likewise, we found that comparable behavior changes were produced when a participant's paraprofessional implemented RR in a typical classroom. These findings are briefly discussed in terms of procedures that promote behavior acquisition and generalization via negative reinforcement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
236.
Achieving a good clinical trial design increases the likelihood that a trial will take place as planned, including that data
will be obtained from a sufficient number of participants, and the total number of participants will be the minimal required
to gain the knowledge sought. A good trial design also increases the likelihood that the knowledge sought by the experiment
will be forthcoming. Achieving such a design is more than good sense—it is ethically required in experiments when participants
are at risk of harm. This paper argues that doing a power analysis effectively contributes to ensuring that a trial design
is good. The ethical importance of good trial design has long been recognized for trials in which there is risk of serious
harm to participants. However, whether the quality of a trial design, when the risk to participants is only minimal, is an
ethical issue is rarely discussed. This paper argues that even in cases when the risk is minimal, the quality of the trial
design is an ethical issue, and that this is reflected in the emphasis the Belmont Report places on the importance of the
benefit of knowledge gained by society. The paper also argues that good trial design is required for true informed consent. 相似文献
237.
Relational Aggression in Mothers and Children: Links with Psychological Control and Child Adjustment
Tiffany J. Reed Sara E. Goldstein Amanda Sheffield Morris Angela W. Keyes 《Sex roles》2008,59(1-2):39-48
This study assesses associations between mothers’ use of relational aggression with their peers and psychological control with their children, and child adjustment in a sample of fifty U.S. mothers of elementary and middle school children. Mothers completed surveys assessing their relational aggression and psychological control. Teachers completed surveys assessing children’s externalizing behavior, internalizing symptoms, and relational aggression. Results suggest that mothers who are relationally aggressive with their peers are more likely to be psychologically controlling with their children. Results also showed that relational aggression predicted adjustment problems in youth. Relational aggression was associated with externalizing problems among boys and girls, and with internalizing problems among boys. Few gender differences in mean levels of maternal or child behaviors emerged. 相似文献
238.
Egos inflating over time: a cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ABSTRACT A cross-temporal meta-analysis found that narcissism levels have risen over the generations in 85 samples of American college students who completed the 40-item forced-choice Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) between 1979 and 2006 (total n =16,475). Mean narcissism scores were significantly correlated with year of data collection when weighted by sample size (β=.53, p <.001). Since 1982, NPI scores have increased 0.33 standard deviation. Thus, almost two-thirds of recent college students are above the mean 1979–1985 narcissism score, a 30% increase. The results complement previous studies finding increases in other individualistic traits such as assertiveness, agency, self-esteem, and extraversion. 相似文献
239.
240.
Andra L. Teten Ph.D. Lisa A. Miller M.D. Sara D. Bailey Ph.D. Nancy Jo Dunn Ph.D. Thomas A. Kent M.D. 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2008,26(6):823-832
Our long term interest is to develop a developmental model of impulsive aggression based on a confluence of social, psychological and biological features. This approach incorporates neurobiological research, which has identified language processing deficits as a unique characteristic of impulsive aggressors and extends it to include emotional deficits. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we examined whether empathy and alexithymia were associated with impulsive aggression. Regressions were performed to explore the associations among impaired empathy, alexithymia, impulsive aggression, verbal and physical general aggression. Among impulsive aggressive veterans (n = 38) recruited from a VA trauma clinic, alexithymia predicted impulsive aggression and empathic deficits predicted verbal aggression. Neither emotional awareness deficit predicted general physical aggression in this middle-aged sample. Results suggested that empathic deficits were associated with general verbal aggression, but alexithymia was uniquely associated with impulsive aggression. Consideration of alexithymia in impulsive aggression has implications for its etiology, prevention and treatment. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献