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231.
Kendra L. Marvin John T. Rapp Michelle T. Stenske Nairim R. Rojas Greg J. Swanson Sara M. Bartlett 《Behavioral Interventions》2010,25(2):109-127
We evaluated the effects of response repetition (RR) as an error‐correction procedure for increasing sight‐word reading for four individuals using a multiple baseline design. The results for each participant showed that correct responding increased following the introduction of the RR procedure. In addition, responding for three of four participants showed evidence of stimulus generalization, response generalization, or both. Likewise, we found that comparable behavior changes were produced when a participant's paraprofessional implemented RR in a typical classroom. These findings are briefly discussed in terms of procedures that promote behavior acquisition and generalization via negative reinforcement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
232.
Achieving a good clinical trial design increases the likelihood that a trial will take place as planned, including that data
will be obtained from a sufficient number of participants, and the total number of participants will be the minimal required
to gain the knowledge sought. A good trial design also increases the likelihood that the knowledge sought by the experiment
will be forthcoming. Achieving such a design is more than good sense—it is ethically required in experiments when participants
are at risk of harm. This paper argues that doing a power analysis effectively contributes to ensuring that a trial design
is good. The ethical importance of good trial design has long been recognized for trials in which there is risk of serious
harm to participants. However, whether the quality of a trial design, when the risk to participants is only minimal, is an
ethical issue is rarely discussed. This paper argues that even in cases when the risk is minimal, the quality of the trial
design is an ethical issue, and that this is reflected in the emphasis the Belmont Report places on the importance of the
benefit of knowledge gained by society. The paper also argues that good trial design is required for true informed consent. 相似文献
233.
Relational Aggression in Mothers and Children: Links with Psychological Control and Child Adjustment
Tiffany J. Reed Sara E. Goldstein Amanda Sheffield Morris Angela W. Keyes 《Sex roles》2008,59(1-2):39-48
This study assesses associations between mothers’ use of relational aggression with their peers and psychological control with their children, and child adjustment in a sample of fifty U.S. mothers of elementary and middle school children. Mothers completed surveys assessing their relational aggression and psychological control. Teachers completed surveys assessing children’s externalizing behavior, internalizing symptoms, and relational aggression. Results suggest that mothers who are relationally aggressive with their peers are more likely to be psychologically controlling with their children. Results also showed that relational aggression predicted adjustment problems in youth. Relational aggression was associated with externalizing problems among boys and girls, and with internalizing problems among boys. Few gender differences in mean levels of maternal or child behaviors emerged. 相似文献
234.
Egos inflating over time: a cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ABSTRACT A cross-temporal meta-analysis found that narcissism levels have risen over the generations in 85 samples of American college students who completed the 40-item forced-choice Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) between 1979 and 2006 (total n =16,475). Mean narcissism scores were significantly correlated with year of data collection when weighted by sample size (β=.53, p <.001). Since 1982, NPI scores have increased 0.33 standard deviation. Thus, almost two-thirds of recent college students are above the mean 1979–1985 narcissism score, a 30% increase. The results complement previous studies finding increases in other individualistic traits such as assertiveness, agency, self-esteem, and extraversion. 相似文献
235.
236.
Andra L. Teten Ph.D. Lisa A. Miller M.D. Sara D. Bailey Ph.D. Nancy Jo Dunn Ph.D. Thomas A. Kent M.D. 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2008,26(6):823-832
Our long term interest is to develop a developmental model of impulsive aggression based on a confluence of social, psychological and biological features. This approach incorporates neurobiological research, which has identified language processing deficits as a unique characteristic of impulsive aggressors and extends it to include emotional deficits. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we examined whether empathy and alexithymia were associated with impulsive aggression. Regressions were performed to explore the associations among impaired empathy, alexithymia, impulsive aggression, verbal and physical general aggression. Among impulsive aggressive veterans (n = 38) recruited from a VA trauma clinic, alexithymia predicted impulsive aggression and empathic deficits predicted verbal aggression. Neither emotional awareness deficit predicted general physical aggression in this middle-aged sample. Results suggested that empathic deficits were associated with general verbal aggression, but alexithymia was uniquely associated with impulsive aggression. Consideration of alexithymia in impulsive aggression has implications for its etiology, prevention and treatment. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
237.
In Search of Common Threads: Linking Multicultural,Feminist, and Social Justice Counseling Paradigms
Hugh C. Crethar Edil Torres Rivera Sara Nash 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2008,86(3):269-278
Multicultural, feminist, and social justice counseling theories are often viewed as disparate helping models. This article examines the complementary nature of these models and discusses the need to promote a clearer understanding of the ways in which these common threads can be used in counseling practice. 相似文献
238.
Sara Villanueva Dixon Julia A Graber Jeanne Brooks-Gunn 《Journal of family psychology》2008,22(1):1-10
In this study, the authors examined whether parent-child conflict during the middle childhood years varied among families characterized as having different cultural traditions regarding issues of respect for parental authority and parenting practices. The sample included 133 African American, European American, and Latina girls (M age = 8.41 years) and their mothers. African American and Latina girls showed significantly more respect for parental authority than did European American girls. Furthermore, African American and Latina mothers reported significantly more intense arguments when respect was low than did European American mothers. Higher levels of discipline and better communication by mothers were both associated with reports of lower frequency of conflict; ethnicity did not moderate this association. Thus, respect for authority was most salient to group differences in conflict. 相似文献
239.
As a way to advance integration between traditional readings of the medical encounter and argumentation theory, this article
conceptualizes the doctor–patient interaction as a form of info-suasive dialogue. Firstly, the article explores the relevance
of argumentation in the medical encounter in connection with the process of informed consent. Secondly, it discloses the risks
inherent to a lack of reconciliation of the dialectical and rhetorical components in the delivery of the doctor’s advice,
as especially resulting from the less than ideal conditions of the internal states of the doctor and the patient, and the
lack of symmetry in their status. 相似文献
240.
To identify variables that underlie intuitive judgments about the sizes of groups of similar objects, we asked people to judge the relative heights of vertical bars briefly shown, two groups at a time, on a computer display. Randomly selected normal deviates determined individual bar height. Average differences in height and group sizes were also randomly varied. Twenty-eight participants judged 250 differences each, which were then submitted to multiple regression analysis and psychophysical inspection. The total number of bars sharpened discrimination, whereas variance dulled it. Critical ratio (CR), the forerunner to the modern t test, emerged as the most important predictor, little additional variance was explained by other factors. The difference in the number of bars was a reliable factor, favoring the greater number of bars. Confidence limits around thresholds, defined as CRs needed to say "possibly greater" surrounded 1.65; as a z value, this corresponded to a one-tailed probability of .05. Judgments about noisy stimuli thus seem to be based on a statistical process and to employ a probability criterion similar to that used in the formal statistical evaluation of experimental findings--namely, p < .05. 相似文献