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231.
Sara F. Waters Elita A. Virmani Ross A. Thompson Sara Meyer H. Abigail Raikes Rachel Jochem 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):37-47
This study examined the association between the security of attachment and processes influencing the development of emotion
regulation in young children. A sample of 73 4 1/2-year-olds and their mothers were observed in an emotion regulation probe
involving mild frustration for children, and mothers and children were later independently interviewed about how the child
had felt. Fewer than half the mothers agreed with children’s self-reports in the emotion they attributed to children (a lower
rate than the concordance of observer ratings with children’s self-reports), and higher mother-child concordance was associated
with secure attachment and mother’s beliefs about the importance of attending to and accepting their own emotions. Mother-child
conversations about recent events evoking children’s negative emotion were also analyzed. Children were less likely to avoid
conversing about negative feelings when they were in secure attachments and when mothers were more validating of the child’s
perspective. Children’s greater understanding of negative emotions was also significantly associated with higher mother-child
concordance and less child conversational avoidance. Taken together, these findings underscore the multiple influences of
attachment on emotion regulation and the importance of children’s emotion understanding to these processes. 相似文献
232.
Randall T. Salekin Sara A. Debus Edward D. Barker 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):501-514
Given the consideration of callousness as a specifier for Conduct Disorder in the DSM-V, it seems imperative that researchers
continue to investigate this personality style in adolescents to determine both its applicability and utility. The present
study examined the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI; Andershed et al. 2002) and the Interpersonal Adjective Scale Revised-Big 5 (IASR-B5; Trapnell and Wiggins 1990a, b) psychopathy scales in relation to the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Using a sample of adolescent offenders (N = 145), the YPI and IASR-B5 psychopathy scales showed adequate reliability and strong inverse bivariate relations with the
FFM domains of Agreeableness (−A) and Conscientiousness (−C). Multivariate analyses, at the facet level, revealed that Tendermindedness
(−A) and Assertiveness (+E) explained the association between FFM facets and the YPI, whereas Altruism (−A), Modesty (−A),
Straightforwardness (−A), Assertiveness (+E), Warmth (−E), and Deliberation (+C) all uniquely contributed to the IASR-B5 psychopathy
scale. Both measures were linked with general and violent recidivism. The authors discuss the implications of these findings
in terms of the use of personality to help describe conduct problem youth and the need for future research in this important
area. 相似文献
233.
Franziska Clemens Pär Anders Granhag Leif A. Strömwall Aldert Vrij Sara Landström Emma Roos af Hjelmsäter Maria Hartwig 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(7):925-940
Research has shown that cues to deception are more salient as an effect of strategic use of evidence (SUE) during interviews. This study examined the feasibility of the SUE‐technique for eliciting cues to children's deception. Experiment 1 investigated verbal cues to deception as a function of early vs. late disclosure of evidence. Eighty‐four children (12–14 years) either guilty or innocent of a mock crime were interviewed. As predicted, deceptive statements were significantly more inconsistent with the evidence than truthful statements, and this was more pronounced as a function of late compared to early disclosure of evidence. In Experiment 2, adult observers (N = 168) made veracity assessments of the videotaped statements. Observers in the late disclosure condition achieved an accuracy rate higher than chance (63.1%), whereas accuracy rates in the early disclosure condition were at chance level (56%). Accuracy rates were significantly higher for truthful (70.2%), than deceptive statements (48.8%). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
234.
The study examined the effects of different presentation modes on child witnesses' experiences and adults' perception and assessments of the same witnesses. Child witnesses (N = 108) were interviewed about an event that they had either experienced or imagined. Adult mock jurors (N = 240) watched the children's testimonies live, via two‐way closed‐circuit television (CCTV), or via a pre‐recorded video. The results showed that the live observers perceived the children in more positive terms than did the two‐way CCTV observers, who in turn perceived the children in more positive terms than did the video observers. Briefly, it seems as the more proximal the presentation mode, the more positive the observers' perception. Somewhat in contrast to these results, a significantly smaller proportion of the children who testified on video stated that they were nervous, compared to the children who testified live or via two‐way CCTV. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
235.
John W. Mullennix Steven E. Stern Benjamin Grounds Rob Kalas Mary Flaherty Sara Kowalok Eric May Brian Tessmer 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(4):513-526
In two experiments, memory distortions for voice pitch and speaking rate were examined. In both experiments, a significant distortion effect for voice pitch was observed, with listeners biased towards selecting voices lower in pitch than low‐pitch targets and selecting voices higher in pitch than high‐pitch targets. In contrast, for speaking rate there was little evidence for the production of memory distortions. The results are discussed in terms of transient surface properties of speech and how transience may be a factor in producing distortions. The results have implications for how errors arise during earwitness testimony for a suspect's voice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
236.
This paper focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments, generally referred to as argument scheme. After outlining our approach, denominated Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT, see Rigotti and Greco Morasso 2006, 2009; Rigotti 2006, 2008, 2009), we compare it to other modern and contemporary approaches, to eventually illustrate some advantages offered by it. In spite
of the evident connection with the tradition of topics, emerging also from AMT’s denomination, its involvement in the contemporary
dialogue on argument schemes should not be overlooked. The model builds in particular on the theoretical and methodological
perspective of pragma-dialectics in its extended version, reconciling dialectic and rhetoric; nevertheless, it also takes into account numerous other contributions to the
study of argument schemes. Aiming at a representation of argument schemes able to monitor the inferential cohesion and completeness
of arguments, AMT focuses on two components of argument scheme that could be distinguished, readapting pragma-dialectical
terms, as procedural and material respectively. The procedural component is based on the semantic-ontological structure, which generates the inferential connection from which the logical
form of the argument is derived. The material component integrates into the argument scheme the implicit and explicit premises bound to the contextual common ground (Rigotti
2006). In this paper, the comparison of the AMT to other approaches focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments and
not on the typologies of argument schemes and on the principles they are based on, which the authors intend to tackle in a
further paper. 相似文献
237.
We examined early adolescents’ reasoning about relational aggression, and the links that their reasoning has to their own
relationally aggressive behavior. Thinking about relational aggression was compared to thinking about physical aggression,
conventional violations, and personal behavior. In individual interviews, adolescents (N = 103) rated the acceptability of relational aggression, physical aggression, conventional violations, and personal behavior,
and justified their ratings. Results indicated that adolescents’ views about relational aggression are complex. Although gossip
was viewed as very wrong (comparable to beliefs about physical aggression), exclusion was perceived to be somewhat acceptable
(less wrong than conventional violations, but more wrong than personal behaviors). With regard to associations between beliefs
about aggression and aggressive behavior, the results indicated that beliefs about gossip were associated with gossiping behavior,
and that beliefs about physical aggression were associated with physically aggressive behavior. No links emerged between beliefs
about exclusion and exclusionary behavior. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed within the frameworks
of social domain theory and social information processing models of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
238.
This study of the influence of culture on emerging adults’ perception of parenthood aims to compare perceptions in a traditional,
conservative society (Arab) and those in a Western-oriented modern society (Jewish). The attitudes of Arab and Jewish students
in Israel were examined regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for parenthood and the cost of parenthood. Participants
were 276 single, nonparent students, age 20–28 years. As hypothesized, the findings revealed that Jewish emerging adults expressed
higher intrinsic motivation for parenthood and lower extrinsic motivation than their Arab counterparts and mentioned a later
age as the preferred time for entering parenthood than did the Arabs. However, contrary to the hypothesis, the expected cost
of parenthood was found to be higher among Arab female participants than among their Jewish counterparts. The findings are
discussed against intercultural differences and reciprocal influences of societies with different orientations regarding collectivist
and individualistic values, in the context of parenthood motivation. 相似文献
239.
Kendra L. Marvin John T. Rapp Michelle T. Stenske Nairim R. Rojas Greg J. Swanson Sara M. Bartlett 《Behavioral Interventions》2010,25(2):109-127
We evaluated the effects of response repetition (RR) as an error‐correction procedure for increasing sight‐word reading for four individuals using a multiple baseline design. The results for each participant showed that correct responding increased following the introduction of the RR procedure. In addition, responding for three of four participants showed evidence of stimulus generalization, response generalization, or both. Likewise, we found that comparable behavior changes were produced when a participant's paraprofessional implemented RR in a typical classroom. These findings are briefly discussed in terms of procedures that promote behavior acquisition and generalization via negative reinforcement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
240.
Achieving a good clinical trial design increases the likelihood that a trial will take place as planned, including that data
will be obtained from a sufficient number of participants, and the total number of participants will be the minimal required
to gain the knowledge sought. A good trial design also increases the likelihood that the knowledge sought by the experiment
will be forthcoming. Achieving such a design is more than good sense—it is ethically required in experiments when participants
are at risk of harm. This paper argues that doing a power analysis effectively contributes to ensuring that a trial design
is good. The ethical importance of good trial design has long been recognized for trials in which there is risk of serious
harm to participants. However, whether the quality of a trial design, when the risk to participants is only minimal, is an
ethical issue is rarely discussed. This paper argues that even in cases when the risk is minimal, the quality of the trial
design is an ethical issue, and that this is reflected in the emphasis the Belmont Report places on the importance of the
benefit of knowledge gained by society. The paper also argues that good trial design is required for true informed consent. 相似文献