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881.
The three contributions to this Special Section on Culture and Human Development are summarized and critiqued. In considering the nature of contemporary psychological science, as well as applications to early childhood care and development, education to prevent HIV/AIDS, and formal academic education, the various authors are in general agreement on the limitations of current knowledge as it applies to African populations. There is also a common focus on the promise of scientific procedures that take seriously the importance of local understandings, institutions, and social settings. 相似文献
882.
Koo M Algoe SB Wilson TD Gilbert DT 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,95(5):1217-1224
The authors hypothesized that thinking about the absence of a positive event from one's life would improve affective states more than thinking about the presence of a positive event but that people would not predict this when making affective forecasts. In Studies 1 and 2, college students wrote about the ways in which a positive event might never have happened and was surprising or how it became part of their life and was unsurprising. As predicted, people in the former condition reported more positive affective states. In Study 3, college student forecasters failed to anticipate this effect. In Study 4, Internet respondents and university staff members who wrote about how they might never have met their romantic partner were more satisfied with their relationship than were those who wrote about how they did meet their partner. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the literatures on gratitude induction and counterfactual reasoning. 相似文献
883.
884.
ABSTRACT— We describe a new method, based on indirect measures of implicit autobiographical memory, that allows evaluation of which of two contrasting autobiographical events (e.g., crimes) is true for a given individual. Participants were requested to classify sentences describing possible autobiographical events by pressing one of two response keys. Responses were faster when sentences related to truly autobiographical events shared the same response key with other sentences reporting true events and slower when sentences related to truly autobiographical events shared the same response key with sentences reporting false events. This method has possible application in forensic settings and as a lie-detection technique. 相似文献
885.
886.
Ellen J. Teng Sara D. Bailey Joseph D. Hamilton Nancy Jo Dunn 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(4):314-321
Under-recognition of somatic symptoms associated with panic in primary care settings results in unnecessary and costly diagnostic
procedures and inappropriate referrals to cardiologists, gastroenterologists, and neurologists. In the current study specialists’
knowledge regarding the nature and treatment of panic were examined. One-hundred and fourteen specialists completed a questionnaire
assessing their knowledge about panic attacks, including their perceptions of psychologists’ role in treating panic. Respondents
answered 51% of knowledge items correctly. Although most knew the definition of a panic attack, they knew less about clinical
features of panic and its treatment. Specifically, whereas 97.4% believed medication effectively relieves panic symptoms,
only 32.5% knew that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment. Only 6% reported knowing how to implement
CBT, and only 56.1% recognized that psychologists could effectively treat panic. These findings demonstrate significant gaps
in specialists’ knowledge about panic and the need to enhance physician knowledge about panic attacks and their treatment. 相似文献
887.
We review recently published papers that have contributed to our understanding of how the preverbal infant represents number, area and time. We review evidence that infants rely on two distinct systems to represent number nonverbally and highlight the similarities in the ratio‐dependent discrimination of number, time and area. Contrary to earlier assertions that continuous dimensions are more salient (and thus more discriminable) to the infant than numerosity, we argue that the opposite conclusion is better supported by the data. The preverbal infant may be better able to extract numerosity than continuous variables from arrays of discrete items. 相似文献
888.
Sharon Warden Tom Ricketts David Saxon Simon Houghton Sara St. Ledger Joe Curran Gearoid Fitzgerald 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2008,8(2):102-109
Different modes of psychotherapy can be an effective form of treatment for a range of mental health problems. Psychotherapy provision in the NHS is organised in a variety of ways, with patient entry to various modes of therapy determined by a range of factors including evidence‐based guidelines and patient or referrer preference. The methods by which patients arrive at a particular mode of psychotherapy are largely unreported. This paper aims to describe this process in one UK NHS psychotherapy service offering cognitive behavioural and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, and provides data to inform a discussion on the theoretical congruence of these allocation decisions. 相似文献
889.
890.
Eamonn Ferguson Peter A. Bibby Sara Rosamond Claire O'Grady Alison Parcell Christopher Amos Christine McCutcheon Ronan O'Carroll 《Journal of personality》2009,77(3):883-902
ABSTRACT Although the role of emotional processing is central to contemporary models of risky decision making, to date the role of trait emotional understanding has not been explored experimentally in this context. The current experiment ( N =326) explores the role of alexithymia with respect to performance on the standard Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and a version where cumulative financial feedback is obscured. Standard learning on the IGT was observed for those low in alexithymia. Those high in alexithymia learned to avoid disadvantageous decks over the first half of the task. However, over the later trials they showed a change in performance, shifting from advantageous to disadvantageous and back to advantageous decks again (termed an "explore-learn-change-return" strategy). It is argued that this is due to an inability to fully consolidate earlier learning and reduced sensitivity to losses. The absence of cumulative feedback independently resulted in reduced performance. 相似文献