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241.
Hooker CI Tully LM Verosky SC Fisher M Holland C Vinogradov S 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2011,120(1):98-107
Successful social interactions rely on the ability to make accurate judgments based on social cues as well as the ability to control the influence of internal or external affective information on those judgments. Prior research suggests that individuals with schizophrenia misinterpret social stimuli and this misinterpretation contributes to impaired social functioning. We tested the hypothesis that for people with schizophrenia, social judgments are abnormally influenced by affective information. Twenty-three patients with schizophrenia and 35 healthy control participants rated the trustworthiness of faces following the presentation of neutral, negative (threat-related), or positive affective primes. Results showed that all participants rated faces following negative affective primes as less trustworthy than faces following neutral or positive primes. Importantly, this effect was significantly more pronounced for participants with schizophrenia, suggesting that schizophrenia may be characterized by an exaggerated influence of negative affective information on social judgment. Furthermore, the extent that the negative affective prime influenced trustworthiness judgments was significantly associated with patients' severity of positive symptoms, particularly feelings of persecution. These findings suggest that for people with schizophrenia, negative affective information contributes to an interpretive bias, consistent with paranoid ideation, when judging the trustworthiness of others. This bias may contribute to social impairments in schizophrenia. 相似文献
242.
Raque-Bogdan TL Ericson SK Jackson J Martin HM Bryan NA 《Journal of counseling psychology》2011,58(2):272-278
Research shows a strong link between adult attachment and mental and physical health, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships. The present study examined self-compassion and mattering, two constructs from positive psychology literature, as potential mediators. Using survey data from a sample of 208 college students, relationships among attachment, self-compassion, mattering, and functional health were explored. Correlational analyses indicated that attachment anxiety and avoidance were strongly related to the mental health component of functional health. Mediation analyses indicated that mattering and self-compassion mediated the relationships between attachment orientation (i.e., levels of avoidance and anxiety) and mental health. These findings suggest that individuals' abilities to be kind toward themselves and their sense of belonging and being important to others are pathways through which attachment orientation relates to mental health. 相似文献
243.
Jill A. Henderson Sara Sytsma Jordan 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):271-280
In the past, child bedtime routines have been examined through observation or sleep diaries. These methods are often expensive
and hinder study comparisons due to lack of consistent operational definitions of routines. This article describes the development
and psychometric evaluation of the Bedtime Routines Questionnaire (BRQ), a 31-item paper-and-pencil, parent-report measure
of children’s bedtime routines. The BRQ and related measures were completed by 226 caregivers of children ages 2 to 8. The
BRQ demonstrated a solid factor structure, adequate internal consistency, and fair validity coefficients. Overall, promising
results for the BRQ are reported. 相似文献
244.
Sara F. Waters Elita A. Virmani Ross A. Thompson Sara Meyer H. Abigail Raikes Rachel Jochem 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):37-47
This study examined the association between the security of attachment and processes influencing the development of emotion
regulation in young children. A sample of 73 4 1/2-year-olds and their mothers were observed in an emotion regulation probe
involving mild frustration for children, and mothers and children were later independently interviewed about how the child
had felt. Fewer than half the mothers agreed with children’s self-reports in the emotion they attributed to children (a lower
rate than the concordance of observer ratings with children’s self-reports), and higher mother-child concordance was associated
with secure attachment and mother’s beliefs about the importance of attending to and accepting their own emotions. Mother-child
conversations about recent events evoking children’s negative emotion were also analyzed. Children were less likely to avoid
conversing about negative feelings when they were in secure attachments and when mothers were more validating of the child’s
perspective. Children’s greater understanding of negative emotions was also significantly associated with higher mother-child
concordance and less child conversational avoidance. Taken together, these findings underscore the multiple influences of
attachment on emotion regulation and the importance of children’s emotion understanding to these processes. 相似文献
245.
Randall T. Salekin Sara A. Debus Edward D. Barker 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):501-514
Given the consideration of callousness as a specifier for Conduct Disorder in the DSM-V, it seems imperative that researchers
continue to investigate this personality style in adolescents to determine both its applicability and utility. The present
study examined the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI; Andershed et al. 2002) and the Interpersonal Adjective Scale Revised-Big 5 (IASR-B5; Trapnell and Wiggins 1990a, b) psychopathy scales in relation to the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Using a sample of adolescent offenders (N = 145), the YPI and IASR-B5 psychopathy scales showed adequate reliability and strong inverse bivariate relations with the
FFM domains of Agreeableness (−A) and Conscientiousness (−C). Multivariate analyses, at the facet level, revealed that Tendermindedness
(−A) and Assertiveness (+E) explained the association between FFM facets and the YPI, whereas Altruism (−A), Modesty (−A),
Straightforwardness (−A), Assertiveness (+E), Warmth (−E), and Deliberation (+C) all uniquely contributed to the IASR-B5 psychopathy
scale. Both measures were linked with general and violent recidivism. The authors discuss the implications of these findings
in terms of the use of personality to help describe conduct problem youth and the need for future research in this important
area. 相似文献
246.
Franziska Clemens Pär Anders Granhag Leif A. Strömwall Aldert Vrij Sara Landström Emma Roos af Hjelmsäter Maria Hartwig 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(7):925-940
Research has shown that cues to deception are more salient as an effect of strategic use of evidence (SUE) during interviews. This study examined the feasibility of the SUE‐technique for eliciting cues to children's deception. Experiment 1 investigated verbal cues to deception as a function of early vs. late disclosure of evidence. Eighty‐four children (12–14 years) either guilty or innocent of a mock crime were interviewed. As predicted, deceptive statements were significantly more inconsistent with the evidence than truthful statements, and this was more pronounced as a function of late compared to early disclosure of evidence. In Experiment 2, adult observers (N = 168) made veracity assessments of the videotaped statements. Observers in the late disclosure condition achieved an accuracy rate higher than chance (63.1%), whereas accuracy rates in the early disclosure condition were at chance level (56%). Accuracy rates were significantly higher for truthful (70.2%), than deceptive statements (48.8%). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
247.
John W. Mullennix Steven E. Stern Benjamin Grounds Rob Kalas Mary Flaherty Sara Kowalok Eric May Brian Tessmer 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(4):513-526
In two experiments, memory distortions for voice pitch and speaking rate were examined. In both experiments, a significant distortion effect for voice pitch was observed, with listeners biased towards selecting voices lower in pitch than low‐pitch targets and selecting voices higher in pitch than high‐pitch targets. In contrast, for speaking rate there was little evidence for the production of memory distortions. The results are discussed in terms of transient surface properties of speech and how transience may be a factor in producing distortions. The results have implications for how errors arise during earwitness testimony for a suspect's voice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
248.
This paper focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments, generally referred to as argument scheme. After outlining our approach, denominated Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT, see Rigotti and Greco Morasso 2006, 2009; Rigotti 2006, 2008, 2009), we compare it to other modern and contemporary approaches, to eventually illustrate some advantages offered by it. In spite
of the evident connection with the tradition of topics, emerging also from AMT’s denomination, its involvement in the contemporary
dialogue on argument schemes should not be overlooked. The model builds in particular on the theoretical and methodological
perspective of pragma-dialectics in its extended version, reconciling dialectic and rhetoric; nevertheless, it also takes into account numerous other contributions to the
study of argument schemes. Aiming at a representation of argument schemes able to monitor the inferential cohesion and completeness
of arguments, AMT focuses on two components of argument scheme that could be distinguished, readapting pragma-dialectical
terms, as procedural and material respectively. The procedural component is based on the semantic-ontological structure, which generates the inferential connection from which the logical
form of the argument is derived. The material component integrates into the argument scheme the implicit and explicit premises bound to the contextual common ground (Rigotti
2006). In this paper, the comparison of the AMT to other approaches focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments and
not on the typologies of argument schemes and on the principles they are based on, which the authors intend to tackle in a
further paper. 相似文献
249.
We examined early adolescents’ reasoning about relational aggression, and the links that their reasoning has to their own
relationally aggressive behavior. Thinking about relational aggression was compared to thinking about physical aggression,
conventional violations, and personal behavior. In individual interviews, adolescents (N = 103) rated the acceptability of relational aggression, physical aggression, conventional violations, and personal behavior,
and justified their ratings. Results indicated that adolescents’ views about relational aggression are complex. Although gossip
was viewed as very wrong (comparable to beliefs about physical aggression), exclusion was perceived to be somewhat acceptable
(less wrong than conventional violations, but more wrong than personal behaviors). With regard to associations between beliefs
about aggression and aggressive behavior, the results indicated that beliefs about gossip were associated with gossiping behavior,
and that beliefs about physical aggression were associated with physically aggressive behavior. No links emerged between beliefs
about exclusion and exclusionary behavior. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed within the frameworks
of social domain theory and social information processing models of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
250.
This study of the influence of culture on emerging adults’ perception of parenthood aims to compare perceptions in a traditional,
conservative society (Arab) and those in a Western-oriented modern society (Jewish). The attitudes of Arab and Jewish students
in Israel were examined regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for parenthood and the cost of parenthood. Participants
were 276 single, nonparent students, age 20–28 years. As hypothesized, the findings revealed that Jewish emerging adults expressed
higher intrinsic motivation for parenthood and lower extrinsic motivation than their Arab counterparts and mentioned a later
age as the preferred time for entering parenthood than did the Arabs. However, contrary to the hypothesis, the expected cost
of parenthood was found to be higher among Arab female participants than among their Jewish counterparts. The findings are
discussed against intercultural differences and reciprocal influences of societies with different orientations regarding collectivist
and individualistic values, in the context of parenthood motivation. 相似文献