Bidirectional Spillover in the Family across the Transition to Parenthood

Although family systems theory posits reciprocal causality between subsystems of the family, such as intimate partner violence exacerbating harsh parenting and vice versa, longitudinal studies with cross‐lagged models have been used infrequently to test these principles. As guided by the spillover model, this study examined bidirectional associations between couple dysfunction, parent–child aggression risk, and child functioning across the transition to parenthood to determine whether and how disruptions in one subsystem relate to problems in other family subsystems. Participants were 201 first‐time mothers and 151 fathers from a diverse community sample, evaluated during pregnancy, and reassessed two more times through their child's first 18 months of life. Individual and dyadic path model results indicate bidirectional spillover effects between parent–child aggression risk and child functioning for both mothers and fathers, and spillover from parent–child aggression risk to couple dysfunction for mothers but not fathers. However, limited spillover effects were identified between couple functioning and child adjustment, in contrast to previous work. Findings suggest that spillover can happen reciprocally and early in the family, supporting transactional models of behavior and highlighting the need for early family level intervention.     

云南怒江傈僳族宗教信仰对其传统医药的影响

聚居于我国滇西北怒江大峡谷的傈僳族,主要信仰两种宗教,一是本民族固有的原始宗教;二是西方传教士于18世纪传入的基督教和天主教。宗教信仰渗透于傈僳族生产、生活的方方面面,对其传统文化的各个部分影响深刻,从宗教信仰的特征入手,分析其对傈僳族传统医药形成过程中的影响,以对这一古老民族的医药文化进行发掘整理。     

论医学创新中的灵感思维

灵感是一种奇妙的创新思维方式。通过对古今中外医学史上运用灵感思维完成创新的实践过程进行考察、说明灵感思维可以划分为酝酿－－顿悟－－验证在阶段基核心是顿悟阶段。在此阶段中有自悟型和外引整两大类,主要是十种形式。人类即将进入２１世纪,与之相适应的医学领域地出现惊人的创新,研究医学创新中的灵感思维,有助于我们探讨和认识新思维的机制和规律,用以启迪和培养全民族的创新能力,为人类飞向未来插上金翅。     

早期儒家"礼"的宗教思想

"礼"是整个儒家思想的核心内容,是前现代中国社会人们思想、行为的最高规范,是维系社会生活的纽带.在早期儒家"礼"的体系中,充满了浓重的宗教信仰的思想.其信仰形态和过程,是由信仰天地、鬼神而推衍社会、人事的,並由此建构起一套完整的信仰系统,来指导人们的社会生活.三代"礼"学,表现出自发宗教的崇拜特征,春秋战国,人为宗教信仰贯穿到了"礼"学,形成了"神道设教"的"礼教",使得宗教与宗法、信仰与道德、神性与理性、理想与实践,趋向于和谐、统一.     

傣医学因果联系观初探

傣医学的哲学基础多源于佛教哲学,其因果联系观就是基于佛教的缘起论观点建立起来的。傣医将此观点广泛用于对人体生命的认识,用以解释生命的产生,解释生理、病理,用于病因学及指导诊断、用药,还用于指导养生,是傣医学重要组成部分。     

Placebo in the investigation of psychotropic drugs,especially antidepressants

The paper presents major ethical, legal and methodological problems related to the use of placebo in mental disorders, especially in depression. It is pointed out that although authoritative groups of experts and numerous publications in the field of psychopharmacology indicate advisability of the double blind design with placebo in clinical trials of antidepressants, in recent years there have been more and more voices questioning legitimacy of this method. Objections of an ethical nature are raised, and reliability of this approach is put into doubt from the methodological viewpoint. These issues are discussed in more detail in the paper. Available alternative solutions should be implemented in psychotropic drug studies. The author shares these objections and doubts of an ethical nature, and believes that the placebo procedure is not a necessity in clinical trials of antidepressants. An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003.     

Mechanochemical synthesis for studying the melting of metallic nanoparticles: a case study of copper

Mechanochemical synthesis is a promising method for studying the size-dependent melting of metals if the size of the resulting metallic nanoparticles can be tuned effectively. Here, with Cu as an example, we show that tuning of particle sizes can be accomplished by extending the milling time at a high milling speed and following annealing of the milled samples. With the so prepared samples, the melting point depression of Cu nanoparticles and its size dependence are successfully investigated.     

经济博弈中儿童信任的发展

利用信任游戏考察242位小学3～6年级儿童在经济活动中信任的发展状况。结果表明:(1)在游戏中,儿童信任的年级差异显著,三年级儿童信任水平显著高于四年级,而四五六年级儿童信任水平逐渐增高;(2)在代表群体做出决策的情境下,儿童表现出比个体情境下更高的信任水平;(3)经济活动中儿童的信任存在性别差异,男生的信任水平要高于女生。     

口腔颌面部鳞状细胞癌的综合序列治疗

口腔颌面部鳞状细胞癌(鳞癌)在头颈部肿瘤的发病和治疗中占有重要地位,综合序列治疗的概念和理论逐渐成为口腔颌面部鳞癌治疗的指导原则。本文对口腔颌面部鳞癌综合序列治疗所包含的手术治疗、放射治疗、化学治疗及生物治疗从临床治疗策略上进行分析、讨论,以期促进口腔颌面部鳞癌综合序列治疗原则在临床获得更好地应用。     

论我国企业年金筹资模式的选择

完全积累制具有能够体现效率、不受人口老龄化高峰的影响、可以促进资本市场发展等优势,因此,绝大多数国家采用完全积累的筹资模式.我国企业年金也是采用的完全积累制,不过,我们只采用完全积累(个人账户)的筹资模式与DC给付模式相结合,我们还应该采用完全积累(团体账户)的筹资模式与DB给付模式相结合.