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The present series of experiments was designed to assess whether rule-based accounts of Pavlovian learning can account for cue competition effects observed after elemental training. All experiments involved initial differential conditioning training with A-US and B alone presentations. Miscuing refers to the fact that responding to A is impaired after one B-US presentation whereas interference is the impairment of responding to A after presentation of C-US pairings. Omission refers to the effects on B of A alone presentations. Experiments 1-2a provided clear evidence for miscuing whereas interference was not found after 1, 5 or 10 C-US pairings. Moreover, Experiments 3 and 3a found only weak evidence for interference in an A-US, B ∣ C-US, D ∣ A design used previously to show the effect. Experiments 4 and 5 failed to find any effect of US omission after one or five omission trials. The present results indicate that miscuing is more robust than is the interference effect. Moreover, the asymmetrical effects of US miscuing and US omission are difficult to accommodate within rule-based accounts of Pavlovian conditioning. 相似文献
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In this study, personal values, health, and financial status were investigated as determinants of affective well-being in
a sample of 371 recent retirees across 3 years. Personal values, measured with the Portrait Value Questionnaire (Schwartz
et al. in J Cross Cult Psychol 32:519–542, 2001), were hypothesized to show direct links to positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) as well as to moderate the association
between financial and health status and affective well-being. Using structural equation modeling, higher PA was predicted
by female gender, better finances, fewer illnesses, and higher self-transcendence (ST), openness to change (OC), and conservation
values. Higher NA was predicted by female gender, lower finances, more illnesses, higher self-enhancement (SE) and lower OC
values. SE and OC values also moderated the association between financial status and PA. Longitudinal analyses indicated a
relatively stable pattern of associations across 3 years. While the impact of finances on affect was stable over time, the
effects of health and values increased across 3 years. 相似文献
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