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21.
Santiago Pellegrini 《Learning and motivation》2007,38(2):128-154
Papini and Pellegrini (Papini, M. R., & Pellegrini, S. Scaling relative incentive value in consummatory behavior. Learning and Motivation, in press) observed that, within limits, the level of consummatory responding of rats exposed to incentive downshifts in the concentration of sucrose solutions was similar when the ratio of test/training solutions was the same. For example, 32 → 4% and 16 → 2% downshifts (1:8 test/training ratios) lead to similar levels of consummatory behavior, despite differences in the absolute concentrations of the solutions involved in the downshift. This suggests the applicability of Weber’s law to spaced-trial, incentive-downshift situations. Experiment 1 extended these results to runway performance using food pellets as reward, and Experiment 2 to lever pressing performance, using an autoshaping procedure and sucrose solutions as rewards. The results conform well to the test/training ratio suggesting that Weber’s law is applicable to anticipatory behavior. A simple mathematical rule that can be easily incorporated into models based on linear operators describes the results of consummatory and anticipatory behavior experiments. 相似文献
22.
This paper studies the reliability and validity of naturalistic speech errors as a tool for language production research. Possible biases when collecting naturalistic speech errors are identified and specific predictions derived. These patterns are then contrasted with published reports from Germanic languages (English, German and Dutch) and one Romance language (Spanish). Unlike findings in the Germanic languages, Spanish speech errors show many patterns which run contrary to those expected from bias: (1) more phonological errors occur between words than within word; (2) word-initial consonants are less likely to participate in errors than word-medial consonants, (3) errors are equally likely in stressed and in unstressed syllables, (4) perseverations are more frequent than anticipations, and (5) there is no trace of a lexical bias. We present a new corpus of Spanish speech errors collected by many theoretically naïve observers (whereas the only corpus available so far was collected by two highly trained theoretically informed observers), give a general overview of it, and use it to replicate previous reports. In spite of the different susceptibility of these methods to bias, results were remarkably similar in both corpora and again contrary to predictions from bias. As a result, collecting speech errors “in the wild” seems to be free of bias to a reasonable extent even when using a multiple-collector method. The observed contrasting patterns between Spanish and Germanic languages arise as true cross-linguistic differences. 相似文献
23.
Christine Walrath Susan dosReis Richard Miech Qinghong Liao E. Wayne Holden Gary De Carolis Rolando Santiago Philip Leaf 《Journal of child and family studies》2001,10(3):385-397
We report one of the first multi-site investigations into referral source variation in functional impairment for children with serious emotional disturbance served in systems of care settings. Baseline data collected as part of the national evaluation for the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program was used to assess the comparability of functional status for children referred from traditional mental health versus non-mental health agencies. Results indicate that children referred from child welfare and family groups have significantly lower levels of overall dysfunction than those referred from mental health, while children referred from school and juvenile justice agencies have comparable levels. Clinical and research implications are discussed. 相似文献
24.
Santiago Echeverri 《Pacific Philosophical Quarterly》2017,98(Z1):146-173
Austere relationism rejects the orthodox analysis of hallucinations and illusions as incorrect perceptual representations. In this article, I argue that illusions of optimal motion (IOMs) present a serious challenge for this view. First, I submit that austere‐relationist accounts of misleading experiences cannot be adapted to account for IOMs. Second, I show that any attempt at elucidating IOMs within an austere‐relationist framework undermines the claim that perceptual experiences fundamentally involve relations to mind‐independent objects. Third, I develop a representationalist model of IOMs. The proposed analysis combines two ideas: Evans' dynamic modes of presentation and Fine's relational semantics for identity. 相似文献
25.
Monkey memory: same/different concept learning, serial probe acquisition, and probe delay effects 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A A Wright H C Santiago S F Sands 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》1984,10(4):513-529
Three rhesus monkeys were trained and tested in a same/different task with six successive sets of 70 item pairs to an 88% accuracy on each set. Their poor initial transfer performance (55% correct) with novel stimuli improved dramatically to 85% correct following daily item changes in the training stimuli. They acquired a serial-probe-recognition (SPR) task with variable (1-6) item list lengths. This SPR acquisition, although gradual, was more rapid for the monkeys than for pigeons similarly trained. Testing with a fixed list length of four items at different delays between the last list item and the probe test item revealed changes in the serial-position function: a recency effect (last items remembered well) for 0-s delay, recency and primacy effects (first and last list items remembered well) for 1-, 2-, and 10-s delays, and only a primacy effect for the longest 30-s delay. These results are compared with similar ones from pigeons and are discussed in relation to theories of memory processing. 相似文献
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In Experiment 1, the effect of the administration of the antidepressant amitriptyline (30 mg/kg) for 21 days on the acquisition and consolidation of the inhibitory avoidance task was studied in male and female mice. In Experiment 2, it was evaluated whether amitriptyline administered after the consolidation of this task would block the memory retrieval. Anxiety and spontaneous activity in the elevated plus maze were also assessed. When amitriptyline was given before the training phase of inhibitory avoidance it blocked learning in males and there was a tendency in the same direction in females. However, the drug administered between training and test phases did not affect conditioning. These effects of amitriptyline seem to be independent of its actions on anxiety and locomotor activity. It may be that the effects observed are related to the therapeutic effects of antidepressants. 相似文献
28.
In three experiments, we assessed the effects of type of relation and memory test on retrieval-induced forgetting of facts. In Experiments 1 and 2, eight sets of four shared-subject sentences were presented for study. They were constructed so that half were thematically related and half were unrelated. A retrieval practice phase required participants to recall a subset of the studied sentences. In the final test, the participants were prompted to recall all the sentences (character cued in Experiment 1 and character plus stem cued in Experiment 2). The results showed that the retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) effect was similar for thematically related and unrelated sentences, indicating that the presence of episodic relations among the sentences was sufficient to produce the effect. In Experiment 3, a recognition task was introduced and the RIF effect emerged in accuracy as well as in latency measures. The presence of this effect with item-specific cues is difficult to accommodate for noninhibitory theories of retrieval. 相似文献
29.
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of differences in the spatial distribution of food on the aggressive behaviour of juvenile white-seabream, Diplodus sargus cadenati, both in the presence and in the absence of food. The groups of fish receiving spatially fixed food displayed less aggression than those receiving spatially variable food. The period (before, during, or after feeding) during which aggressiveness is measured also has influence in the results. During the prefeeding and postfeeding periods (absence of food), groups that were fed with food spatially fixed displayed less aggression than those that received spatially variable food. However, when food was present there were no differences in the number of aggressive acts carried out by fish groups in both environments. The aggressiveness shown by the groups of fish was always more pronounced during the postfeeding period than during the prefeeding period. The dominant fish was more aggressive when food was spatially fixed, and especially when food was present. Therefore, the subordinates were more aggressive when food was spatially variable and particularly when food was present and during the postfeeding period. Aggr. Behav. 24:379–384, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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