Interactions between perceptual organization based on Gestalt laws and those based on hierarchical processing

Our recent research with compound stimuli (Han, Humphreys, & Chen, 1999a) suggests that grouping between local elements facilitates the perception of global structure, whereas encoding closure in local elements enhances their segmentation. The present study presents further evidence supporting this assertion. Experiment 1 first developed a new paradigm in which grouping between local elements was manipulated. Subjects responded to the orientations of perceptual groups consisting of local arrows or triangles embedded in background crosses. Responses to the orientations of the groups were slowed as a function of the increased contrast of the crosses, indicating that the strength of grouping between local arrows or triangles was gradually weakened by increasing the contrast of the crosses. Using a similar paradigm, Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the role of Gestalt factors in hierarchical analysis. Global arrows or triangles made up of local arrows, or triangles were embedded in background crosses. Subjects responded to global or local stimuli in terms of orientation or closure. Increasing the contrast of the background crosses produced stronger effects on global responses than on local responses and resulted in elimination of the global precedence effect and emerging of a local precedence effect, which was stronger for closure discrimination than for orientation discrimination. These results provide new evidence supporting our previous claim about the role of Gestalt factors in hierarchical analysis.     

Uniform connectedness and classical gestalt principles of perceptual grouping

We assessed whether uniform connectedness (UC; Palmer & Rock, 1994) operates prior to effects reflecting classical principles of grouping: proximity and similarity. In Experiments 1 and 2, reaction times to discriminate global letters (H vs. E), made up of small circles, were recorded. The small circles were respectively grouped by proximity, similarity of shapes, and by UC. The discrimination of stimuli grouped by similarity was slower than those grouped by proximity, and it was speeded up by the addition of UC. However, the discrimination of stimuli grouped by proxhnity was unaffected by connecting the local elements. In Experiment 3, similar results occurred in a task requiring discrimination of the orientation of grouped elements, except that the discrimination of stimuli grouped by UC was faster than that of those grouped by weak proximity. Experiment 4 further showed that subjects could respond to letters composed of discriminably separate local elements as fast as to those without separated local elements. The results suggest that grouping by similarity of shapes is perceived slower than grouping by UC, but grouping by proximity can be as fast and efficient as that by UC.     

封闭性知觉在大范围优先性中的特殊性

本文研究当封闭性作为被试分辨的图形性质时,空间位置不确定性和视野位置对大范围优先性有何影响。实验发现：（１）无论复合刺激呈现在视野的中央或外周．分辨复合刺激的整体性质的反应时（ＲＴ）比分辨局部性质的ＲＴ短,整体性质对分辨局部性质的反应有较强的干扰作用。相反,局部性质对分辨整体性质的反应的影响较小;（２）刺激位置的不确定对大范围优先性没有显著影响;（３）与周边刺激相比,分辨视野中央的复合刺激的ＲＴ较短,但整体性质的ＲＴ优势和对局部性质的干扰作用,不受刺激在视野中的位置的影响。这些实验结果揭示了封闭性知觉在大范围优先性中的特殊性。     

Language supports for children's understanding of numerical fractions: cross-national comparisons.

This study examined Croatian, Korean, and U.S. children's knowledge of numerical fractions prior to school instruction. The research is part of an ongoing project examining the influence of language characteristics on mathematical thinking and performance. The part-whole quantitative relation denoted by numerical fractions may be easier to understand in East Asian languages like Korean. In these languages, the concept of fractional parts is embedded in the mathematics terms used for fractions. The results from this study suggest that the Korean vocabulary of fractions may influence the meaning 6- to 7-year-old children ascribe to numerical fractions and that this results in children being able to associate numerical fractions with corresponding pictorial representations prior to formal instruction.     

观察不同形状和颜色时眼运动的顺序性

实验使用EVM3200型眼动仪测量被试在观察四种不同形状和四种不同颜色时眼运动轨迹的特点,来研究人眼运动的顺序性。结果表明：人眼在观察不同形状和颜色时,眼运动具有时间序列和空间序列的特性;形状和颜色一样具有诱目性序列特征;眼运动凝视点受到刺激所处空间位置的明显影响;首次凝视点是研究眼运动的重要变量。     

The rowwise correlation between two proximity matrices and the partial rowwise correlation

This paper discusses rowwise matrix correlation, based on the weighted sum of correlations between all pairs of corresponding rows of two proximity matrices, which may both be square (symmetric or asymmetric) or rectangular. Using the correlation coefficients usually associated with Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall, three different rowwise test statistics and their normalized coefficients are discussed, and subsequently compared with their nonrowwise alternatives like Mantel'sZ. It is shown that the rowwise matrix correlation coefficient between two matricesX andY is the partial correlation between the entries ofX andY controlled for the nominal variable that has the row objects as categories. Given this fact, partial rowwise correlations (as well as multiple regression extensions in the case of Pearson's approach) can be easily developed.The author wishes to thank the Editor, two referees, Jan van Hooff, and Ruud Derix for their useful comments, and E. J. Dietz for a copy of the algorithm of the Mantel permutation test.     

LTP诱导期向维持或转化过程中的突触形态学特征

该研究探讨了视皮层LTP由诱导期向维持期转化过程的突触形态学特征。实验选用18-30天龄的健康SD大鼠,分实验组、空白对照组及实验对照组进行电镜观测和图象分析。结果发现,在常规LTP实验程序中强直刺激后有LTP产生并记录80分钟的实验组脑片标片,局部有界面曲率大于2的较大U型突触形成,这种突触多有两个以上活性区。图象分析结果显示,实验组与对照组相比较,突触的界面曲率明显增大（P＜0．05）,活性区的长度明显加长（＜0．05）。     

英语单词记忆过程中策略的选用和评价的研究

问卷结果表明 :普通大学生和 GRE考生在有关记忆过程的知识方面没有差异 ;绝大多数 GRE考生有选用“较多的”策略趋势 ,且在规定单词记忆量和精细加工策略方面差异显著 ;两类被试在对策略的评价的总体上具有一致性 ,但两类被试在选择比较有效和值得推荐的策略时 ,在一些自我监控策略上的选取比率表现出差异 ,在选择效果不佳和基本无效策略时 ,在某些一般记忆加工策略上选取比率也存在差异 ;绝大多数被试推荐策略是基于经验 ,判定策略无效是源于直觉判断。本文结合前人的研究成果 ,探讨了知识、情景因素与策略的选择和运用的关系 ;提出了实际学习情景下策略有效性意识形成的两个因素及可能途径。     

社会层级的内隐刻板印象：权力与地位的不同作用

采用探测词再认范式,考察社会层级的内隐刻板印象。结果发现,在能力推理上,无论地位高低,个体对高权力推理为积极的反应时显著长于消极,对低权力推理为消极的反应时显著长于积极;在热情推理上,无论权力高低,个体对高地位推理为积极的反应时显著长于消极,对低地位推理为消极的反应时显著长于积极。这表明,权力和地位在热情和能力维度的刻板印象中起着不同的作用,其中权力正向预测能力,地位正向预测热情。     

Associations Between Parental Maltreatment and Online Behavior Among Young Adolescents

Journal of Child and Family Studies - Deviant behavior of adolescents in the online world has emerged as a serious social issue in South Korea. Given the urgent need to address new forms of risks...