西方消费者研究概述

消费者研究是近年来西方心理学应用研究中一个非常活跃的领域。在近 40年的发展中 ,消费者研究的范围不断扩大 ,数量不断增多 ,质量也不断提高。本文考察了西方消费者研究的发展趋势 ,对比了主要的消费者研究阵营 ,并通过对消费者研究中三个亚领域———社会认知、BDT和后现代消费者研究之间的差异和共同之处的探讨 ,强调了各领域之间有很大的合作空间。     

认知行为疗法在儿童社会退缩行为干预中的新进展

社会退缩行为指儿童在社会情境中抑制自己参与同伴互动并表现出独处的行为。社会退缩阻碍儿童形成良好的社交能力,影响其人格和认知的健康发展,因而对儿童社会退缩行为进行及时干预显得十分重要。研究对认知行为疗法在儿童社会退缩行为干预中的进展进行了整合,包括虚拟现实暴露疗法、学校情境下的认知行为治疗及网络认知行为治疗。未来研究应设计针对社会退缩行为不同亚类型的干预方案,以及在干预中重视情绪调节的训练和教师的介入。     

Fitts’ Law is modulated by movement history

Fitts’ Law is one of the most robust and well-studied principles in psychology. It holds that movement time (MT) for target-directed aiming movements increases as a function of target distance and decreases as a function of target width. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Fitts’ Law is affected not only by the demands of the target on the current trial but also by the requirements for performance on the previous trial. Experiments 1 and 2 examined trial-to-trial effects of varying target width; Experiment 3 examined trial-to-trial effects of varying target distance. The findings from Experiments 1 and 2 showed that moving a finger or cursor towards a large object on a previous trial shortened the movement time on the current trial, whereas the opposite occurred with a small object. In contrast, target distance on the previous trial had no effect on movement time on the current trial. These findings suggest that performance on trial n has a clear and predictable effect on trial n+1 (at least for target width) and that Fitts’ Law as it is normally expressed does not accurately predict performance when the width of the target varies from trial to trial.     

Need for Meaning,Meaning Confusion,Meaning Anxiety,and Meaning Avoidance: Additional Dimensions of Meaning in Life

Two aspects of meaning in life have drawn much attention in previous research: presence of meaning and search for meaning. We proposed four additional aspects concerning individuals’ thoughts and feelings about meaning in life: need for meaning, meaning confusion, meaning avoidance, and meaning anxiety. We developed items to measure these dimensions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the data fit the factors well. Convergent and discriminant validities of the four dimensions were demonstrated though their distinct patterns of correlations with other variables, such as personality traits, need satisfaction, personal aspirations, life satisfaction, anxiety and depression. Moreover, cluster analysis revealed that individuals could be divided into meaningful groups according to these dimensions, with each group demonstrating unique psychological features. Implications for future studies on meaning in life are discussed.     

Sources of Meaning in Life Among Chinese University Students

The current studies were designed to explore the structure of sources of meaning in life among Chinese university students. In Study 1, we content-analyzed 171 students’ answers to the question of what made their lives meaningful and derived 74 frequently mentioned ideas. Then, we composed a questionnaire based on these ideas and administered it to another sample of 523 university students in Study 2. Seven underlying dimensions were identified through exploratory factor analysis: Self-development (i.e., to accomplish one’s aspirations and actualize one’s potential), social commitment (i.e., to contribute to society and to adhere to moral principles), interpersonal relationships (i.e., relationships with family members, friends and others), secular pursuits (i.e., stable jobs, material possessions and social status), experiences in life (i.e., to experience all the joys and sorrows in life), civilization (i.e., reading, thinking, music and arts), and autonomy (i.e., to make decisions freely and take charge of one’s own life). Results are discussed in light of the philosophical influences in Chinese culture, especially those from Confucianism and Taoism.     

Internal and External Networking Differentially Predict Turnover Through Job Embeddedness and Job Offers

Although the career benefits associated with professional networking are relatively well established, the repercussions of this highly regarded career management activity for voluntary turnover have rarely been examined. Given the potential costs associated with voluntary turnover, this study sought to clarify the roles of networking behaviors in relation to voluntary turnover by focusing on the distinction between internal and external networking. Based on survey responses of industrial and organizational psychology professionals, we found that internal and external networking behaviors differentially predicted decisions to voluntarily leave employers 2 years later: The likelihood of voluntary turnover was negatively predicted by internal networking and positively predicted by external networking. Furthermore, to shed light on the reasons why employee networking behaviors differentially predicted turnover decisions, this study also examined 4 turnover antecedents (job satisfaction, job embeddedness, perceived employment opportunities, and job offers) as potential mediating mechanisms. Results revealed that the relationships of internal and external networking with voluntary turnover were mediated by job embeddedness and job offers, respectively. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding and managing employee networking and retention.     

创造性的公众观的调查研究（Ⅰ）——关于高创造性者的特征

本研究采用凋查分析的方法,在预调查的基础上,编制问卷对创造性的公众观进行了调查研究,结果发现：1．公众认为高创造性者的特征主要涉及认知和人格两个方面。2．公众对高创造性者的特征的认识与专家的认识存在广泛一致,但在广度,深度和具体项目的重要性上存在不少差异。3．不同教育程度的公众对高创造性者的特征的认识总体差异显著．4．公众的性别,年龄,教育程度对高创造性者的特征的认识的某些方面影响显著或非常显著。     

Color-Binding Errors During Rivalrous Suppression of Form

ABSTRACT— How does a physical stimulus determine a conscious percept? Binocular rivalry provides useful insights into this question because constant physical stimulation during rivalry causes different visual experiences. For example, presentation of vertical stripes to one eye and horizontal stripes to the other eye results in a percept that alternates between horizontal and vertical stripes. Presentation of a different color to each eye (color rivalry) produces alternating percepts of the two colors or, in some cases, a color mixture. The experiments reported here reveal a novel and instructive resolution of rivalry for stimuli that differ in both form and color: perceptual alternation between the rivalrous forms (e.g., horizontal or vertical stripes), with both eyes' colors seen simultaneously in separate parts of the currently perceived form. Thus, the colors presented to the two eyes (a) maintain their distinct neural representations despite resolution of form rivalry and (b) can bind separately to distinct parts of the perceived form.     

同伴交往、亲子交往与儿童心理理论发展的关系

采用经典的心理理论任务、同伴提名法、父母教养方式问卷以及在游戏情境中观察同伴交往行为和亲子交往行为等多种方法,探讨同伴交往、亲子交往与儿童心理理论发展的关系.88名3-6岁儿童及其家长参加了实验.研究结果表明:(1)交往类型中受欢迎儿童,其心理理论发展水平显著高于被拒绝和被忽视儿童.(2)民主型教养方式最有利于促进幼儿心理理论的发展,放任型教养方式最不利于幼儿心理理论的发展.(3)家长指导游戏的行为、分享情感的行为和使用心理状态术语的行为,有利于促进孩子心理理论的发展,而对孩子的冷漠最不利于孩子心理理论的发展.(4)相对于同伴交往,亲子交往对儿童心理理论的发展有更显著的预测力,其中家长和孩子的情感分享.对孩子遇到问题的解释及指导是促进孩子心理理论发展的重要影响因素.     

影响儿童情绪自我调节的因素

情绪自我调节较多的研究主要集中在有关情绪自我调节的表现方式和发展阶段水平方面,本文则从情绪自我调节的积极指向方面探讨其影响因素,认为大脑成熟顺序、社会认知发展及文化宗教等方面的因素影响着儿童的情绪自我调节.为对儿童的发展进行更好的干预提供依据.