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131.
Sanford K 《Journal of family psychology》2012,26(3):297-307
This study investigated emotion during interpersonal conflicts between mates. It addressed questions about how clearly couples express emotion (encoding), how accurately they recognize each other's emotion (decoding), and how well they distinguish between types of negative emotion. It was theorized that couples express and perceive both: (a) event-specific emotions, which are unique to particular people on particular occasions, and (b) contextual-couple emotions, which reflect the additive effect of emotions across different events and across both partners. Eighty-three married couples engaged in a series of two conflict conversations. Self-report ratings, observer ratings, and partner ratings were used to assess two types of negative emotion: hard emotion (e.g., angry or annoyed) and soft emotion (e.g., sad or hurt). Couples were reasonably accurate in encoding, decoding, and in distinguishing between types of emotion. Emotion expression was strongly associated with general levels of contextual-couple emotion summed across two conversations, whereas emotion perception was more closely tied to specific events. Hard emotion was readily perceived when it was overtly expressed, and soft emotion could sometimes be recognized even when it was not expressed clearly. 相似文献
132.
Ten patients who terminated prematurely from 10 different therapy groups were interviewed using a semistructured interview protocol. Half the subjects were patients in private therapy groups; the other half were patients in clinic therapy groups. Among the issues inquired about were subjects' initial attitudes about group treatment; the nature of the preparation process; subjects' experience of the group therapist, other group members, and the group process; their reasons for leaving their groups; and the nature of the termination process. The findings reported focus on patients' perceptions of therapists' motives; the importance of establishing appropriate treatment goals; the handling of negative feelings about the group and/or the group therapist; the issue of narcissistic injury; the experience of the balance between giving and receiving; the difficulties caused by unresolved conflicts within groups; and the problems posed by inadequate preparation for the group experience. Guidelines for practices aimed at minimizing premature terminations are offered. 相似文献
133.
Sanford S. Levy 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1990,10(2):165-174
In this essay, I distinguish two significant act-utilitarian theories of moral education: the traditional rule of thumb view and the Harian intuition view. I argue that there are problems with the traditional view and that an act-utilitarian ought to adopt a version of the Harian view. I then explain and respond to a major objection to the intuition view given by Bernard Williams. Williams argues that the system of moral thought which the Harian view advocates we teach is inherently unstable and is certain to undermine itself. I argue that there is reason to expect a great deal of stability in this system.I wish to thank Richard Brandt, William Frankena and R.M. Hare for their conversation on this and other topics and for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. I would also like to thank the Association for the Philosophy of Education and the Northwest Philosophy conference for the opportunity to read and discuss versions of the essay. 相似文献
134.
The naturally occurring cries of 13 infants in a day-care center were tape-recorded and spectrum-analyzed for the peak fundamental frequency. Caregivers' responses to higher-pitched cries were rated by observers as more urgent, and they more frequently included additional attempts to soothe the infant. These results provide some of the first ecologically valid evidence that the pitch of infant crying is related to the urgency and nature of caregivers' responses. 相似文献
135.
Ten touch-typists type lists of abbreviated month names under four directional instructions (Forward, Backward, Centre-out and End-in). The lists were typed on a teletype unit linked to a laboratory computer, and the duration of Start, Inter-word, Inter-letter, carriage Return, and Quit response times (RTs) were recorded throughout production of each list. The major effects of direction of listing were on the Inter-word RTs. However, there were also consistent effects on Inter-letter RT (an index of keyboard skill) and Return RT (an index of list formatting operations). These results are discussed in relation to the notion of a ‘working memory’ of limited capacity. 相似文献
136.
Philip Sanford Zeskind Kathleen Platzman Claire D. Coles Pamela A. Schuetze 《Infant behavior & development》1996,19(4):478
The threshold, latency, and peak fundamental frequency (basic pitch) of crying were sensitive to the subclinical effects of prenatal alcohol exposure through the first month of postnatal life. Whereas infants with prenatal alcohol exposure showed a lower cry pitch and higher cry threshold at 2 days of age, higher pitched cries, typical of nervous system insult, were evident at 14 and 28 days. A longer latency was also evident at 14 days. 相似文献
137.
There is a very large number of quantifiers in English, so many that it seems impossible that the only information that they convey is about amounts. Building on the earlier work of Moxey and Sanford (1987), we report three experiments showing that positive and negative quantifiers focus on different subsets of the logical possibilities that quantifiers allow semantically. Experiments 1 and 2 feature a continuation task with quantifiers that span a full range of denotations (from near 0% to near 100%) and show that the effect is not restricted to quantifiers denoting small amounts. This enables a distinction to be made between generalization and complement set focus proper. The focus effects extend to comprehension, as shown by a self-paced reading study (Experiment 3). It is noted that the focus effects obtained are compatible with findings from earlier work by Just and Carpenter (1971), which used a verification paradigm, and in fact these effects constitute a direct test of inferences Just and Carpenter made about mechanisms of encoding negative quantifiers. A related but different explanation is put forward to explain the present data. The experiments show a quantifier function beyond the simple denotation of amount. 相似文献
138.
Jerome L. Short Mark W. Roosa Irwin N. Sandler Tim S. Ayers Leah K. Gensheimer Sanford L. Braver Jenn-Yun Tein 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(2):223-247
Evaluated an experimental preventive intervention developed for children who perceived their parents as problem drinkers.
The 8-session program was designed to improve children's coping, self-esteem, and social competence, and modify alcohol expectancies
which were specified as mediators of the effects of parental alcohol abuse on child mental health. Participants were 271 self-selected
4th-, 5th-, and 6th-grade students in 13 schools. The children were randomly assigned to treatment or delayed treatment conditions
and the program was given to three successive cohorts of students. A meta-analysis across three different cohorts indicated
significant program effects to improve knowledge of the program content and the use of support- and emotion-focused coping
behaviors for the full sample. A slightly stronger range of effects was found for a high-risk subsample.
This research was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health Grant P50-MH39246 to support a Preventive Intervention
Research Center and Prevention Training Grant T32-MH18387-02. 相似文献
139.
The central premise of Michael Dummett's global argument for anti-realism is the thesis that a speaker's grasp of the meaning
of a declarative, indexical-free sentence must be manifested in her uses of that sentence. This enigmatic thesis has been
the subject of a great deal of discussion, and something of a consensus has emerged about its content and justification. The
received view is that the manifestation thesis expresses a behaviorist and reductive theory of meaning, essentially in agreement
with Quine's view of language, and motivated by worries about the epistemology of communication.
In the present paper I begin by arguing that this standard interpretation of the manifestation thesis is neither particularly
faithful to Dummett's writings nor philosophically compelling. I then continue by reconstructing, from Dummett's texts, an
account of the manifestation thesis, and of its justification, that differ sharply from the received view. On my reading,
the thesis is motivated not epistemologically, but conceptually. I argue that connections among our conceptions of meaning,
assertion, and justification lead to a conclusion about the metaphysics of meaning: we cannot form a clearly coherent conception
of how two speakers can attach different meanings to a sentence without at the same time differing in what they count as justifying
assertions made with that sentence. I conclude with some suggestions about how Dummett's argument for global anti-realism
should be understood, given my account of the manifestation thesis.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
140.
Philip Sanford Zeskind Timothy R. Marshall Dennis M. Goff 《Infant and child development》1992,1(2):79-87
Heart rates and behavioural states of 14 breast-fed and 14 bottlefed newborn infants were assessed every 30 seconds for 2 continuous hours. The 240 observations of heart rate were treated as time-series data and spectrum-analysed for behavioural rhythmicities. Of the 28 infants, 25 showed reliable cycles in heart rate; 22 of the 25 infants showed a dominant frequency with a 30–60 min periodicity, one that approximates the basic-rest activity cycle (BRAC). In addition to this basic cycle, additional higher frequency cycles in long-term heart rate variability were evident in the spectra of many infants. Breast-fed newborns had greater numbers of reliable cycles in heart rate than bottle-fed newborns. Further, breast-fed newborns had lower overall mean heart rates and lower mean heart rates in Quiet and Active Sleep states than bottle-fed newborns. Bottle-fed newborns were observed more often in Quiet Sleep than breast-fed newborns. Without knowledge of the specific mechanisms causing these behavioural differences, the results of this study suggest that the context in which breast-feeding occurs results in a more complex and energy-efficient pattern of behavioural organization than the context of bottle-feeding. 相似文献