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71.
Anthony Biglan Dennis Ary Howard Yudelson T. E. Duncan Donald Hood Lisa James Virginia Koehn Zada Wright Carol Black Debra Levings Sandy Smith Elizabeth Gaiser 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(3):311-339
The experimental evaluation of two components of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use are described. Youth antitobacco activities (e.g., peer quizzes, sidewalk art, poster and T-shirt giveaways, etc.) and family communications activities (pamphlets to parents and student quizzes of parents) were evaluated in two time-series experiments, each of which was conducted in two experimental and one control community. Students in Grades 6 and 8 and their parents were assessed in a series of four phone surveys in the first experiment and six phone surveys in the second. Implementation of the youth antitobacco and family communications activities led to significantly greater exposure of young people to antitobacco information. They led to increases in parent and youth knowledge about tobacco use and more negative attitudes toward tobacco. In Experiment 2, youths in intervention communities had significantly lower rated intentions to smoke. The findings suggest the value of a modular approach to community interventions for influencing the social context relevant to the onset of adolescent tobacco use. 相似文献
72.
Melissa Anderson Sandy WolfsonNick Neave Mark Moss 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2012,13(3):311-316
Objectives
The study aimed to address the paucity of research pertaining to perceptions of causes of the home advantage. The views of three key personnel groups in football (soccer) were examined with regard to their perspectives.Design and procedure
Players (n = 94), fans (n = 116) and referees (n = 163) completed a ten-item questionnaire on which they rated the contribution of the most prominent factors known to influence the home advantage.Results
Factor analysis revealed three subscales (officials, player state and home environment) relating to explanations for the home advantage. A MANOVA examining the groups’ ratings for these three subscales found that the fans and player gave higher ratings for the contribution of officials and player state than did referees, while the fans gave higher ratings for the home environment.Conclusion
The present study provides an insight into conceptualisations of the home advantage from the perspectives of different football groups. The relevance of self-enhancement, emanating from motivational and information processing mechanisms, is considered. 相似文献73.
The authors examined the psychometric properties of a clinician‐rated measure of sex offender denial. Convergent and discriminant validity for the measure was supported, and given its relationship to treatment attitudes, the measure demonstrated utility for assessing treatment change and readiness. 相似文献
74.
Olivia Carter Joel S. Snyder Sandy Fung Nava Rubin 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2014,76(1):133-147
In a series of three experiments, we used an ambiguous plaid motion stimulus to explore the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of prior stimulus exposures and perceptual states on current awareness. The results showed that prior exposure to a stimulus biased toward one percept led to subsequent suppression of that percept. In contrast, in the absence of stimulus bias, prior perceptual experience can have a facilitative influence. The suppressive effects caused by the prior stimulus were found to transfer to an ambiguous plaid test stimulus rotated 180º relative to the adaptation stimulus, but were abolished if (1) the ambiguous test stimulus was only rotated 90º relative to the adaptation stimulus or (2) the adaptation stimulus was heavily biased toward the component grating percept. Event-related potential recordings were consistent with the involvement of visual cortical areas and suggested that the influence of recent stimulus exposure may involve recruitment of additional brain processes beyond those responsible for initial stimulus encoding. In contrast, the effects of prior and current perceptual experience appeared to depend on similar brain processes. Although the data presented here focus on vision, the work is discussed within the context of data from a parallel series of experiments in audition. 相似文献
75.
Tara A. Fahmie Amanda R. Garcia Jasmine H. Poetry Emily M. Tierman Rima Hamawe Sarah T. Marks Sandy Jin 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(4):2199-2214
The current study builds on a small but growing body of research evaluating the formal and functional characteristics of emerging problem behavior before it becomes harmful and requires costly treatment. The researchers tested 21 preschool children's sensitivity to establishing operations that commonly precede severe problem behavior. Sensitivity tests were embedded in a small group play context to optimize safety, efficiency, and ecological validity. The tests screened several levels of problem-behavior severity as well as the presence of adaptive alternatives (i.e., communication) to problem behavior. Overall, outcomes suggested sources of reinforcement for minor- and moderate-severity problem behavior in 86% of children. Only 17% of children exhibiting problem behavior also engaged in appropriate requests in the same condition(s) as problem behavior. The present data are compared to published functional analyses of severe behavior. The results are discussed as a preliminary step towards a function-based model of risk identification and behavioral prevention of severe problem behavior. 相似文献
76.
Substitute or stepping stone? Assessing the impact of low‐threshold online collective actions on offline participation 下载免费PDF全文
Anecdotes of past social movements suggest that Internet‐enabled technologies, especially social media platforms, can facilitate collective actions. Recently, however, it has been argued that the participatory Internet encourages low‐cost and low‐risk activism—slacktivism—which may have detrimental consequences for groups that aim to achieve a collective purpose. More precisely, low‐threshold digital practices such as signing online petitions or “liking” the Facebook page of a group are thought to derail subsequent engagement offline. We assessed this postulation in three experiments (N = 76, N = 59, and N = 48) and showed that so‐called slacktivist actions indeed reduce the willingness to join a panel discussion and demonstration as well as the likelihood to sign a petition. This demobilizing effect was mediated by the satisfaction of group‐enhancing motives; members considered low‐threshold online collective actions as a substantial contribution to the group's success. The findings highlight that behavior that is belittled as slacktivism addresses needs that pertain to individuals' sense of group membership. Rather than hedonistic motives or personal interests, concerns for the ingroup's welfare and viability influenced the decision to join future collective actions offline. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
77.
78.
Matthew J. Sharps Sandy S. Day Michael A. Nunes Amy Neff Ellen Woo 《Current Psychology》2004,22(4):379-393
Research indicates the presence of an age-related pictorial processing deficit, for which the elderly may attempt to compensate
through the use of relational information. Cognitive asynchrony theory, a recent synthetic formulation which unites elements
of the generalized slowing hypothesis, environmental support theory, and the item-specific/relational information distinction,
has proven useful in a number of experiments in explaining these aspects of visual cognitive aging. The present experiments
tested this theoretical formulation under high processing demand conditions in both the relational and the pictorial/item-specific
realm. Young and older adults yielded a complex pattern of results consistent with the cognitive asynchrony synthesis of these
theoretical considerations. The present experiments add to the growing body of findings indicating that the cognitive subsystems
of memory decline at different rates, that the differences in cognitive processing between young and older adults tend to
be more quantitative than qualitative, and that the global age-related memory deficits of popular belief are in fact relatively
circumscribed and specific.
This research was supported by grant AG11605 from the National Institute on Aging, and by a grant from the College of Science
and Mathematics, California State University. 相似文献
79.
Carson J. Sandy Samuel D. Gosling Shalom H. Schwartz Tim Koelkebeck 《Journal of personality assessment》2017,99(5):545-555
Values are a central personality construct and the importance of studying them has been well established. To encourage researchers to integrate measures of values into their studies, brief and ultrabrief instruments were developed to recapture the 10 values measured by the 40-item Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz, 2003). Rigorous psychometric procedures based on separate derivation (N = 38,049) and evaluation (N = 29,143) samples yielded 10- and 20-item measures of values, which proved to be successful at capturing the patterns and magnitude of correlations associated with the original PVQ. These instruments should be useful to researchers who would like to incorporate a values scale into their study but do not have the space to administer a longer measure. 相似文献
80.
Matthew J. Sharps Jana L. Price-Sharps Sandy Schulte Day Michael A Nunes Amy Boothby Villegas Sandra Mitchell 《Current Psychology》2005,24(2):91-101
Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is associated with elevated levels of substance abuse, but the cognitive linkages
involved have been little explored. The present study builds upon earlier work showing that more gestalt, as opposed to feature-intensive,
styles of processing are conductive to substance abuse, especially in those with ADHD symptoms. The work reported here indicates
that a protective factor against substance abuse may lie in relatively efficient heuristic processing, especially synthetic
or inferential heuristic processing, but further demonstrates that those with ADHD symptoms tend to have poorer abilities
in this regard, even at the subclinical, nondiagnosed level. Results are discussed in terms of the gestalt/featureintensive
processing theory of cognition. 相似文献