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61.
Educable mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents participated in incidental learning tasks that emphasized the utilization of processes that were consciously controlled but not deliberately aimed at memory (Experiment 1). Retarded individuals' performance on a standard recognition test was equivalent to that of nonretarded subjects following phonetic encoding and nonstrategic encoding, but was deficient following semantic encoding. Retarded subjects also demonstrated a lower level of performance on a rhyme recognition task. In Experiment 2, retarded subjects provided a pattern of responding identical to that of nonretarded subjects on a picture-word interference task designed to assess automatic processing. The two groups produced equivalent levels of semantic activation. It was argued that the results of the two experiments indicate deficient semantic processing on the part of retarded individuals relative to that of nonretarded individuals that cannot be accommodated by a structural-deficiency model, a developmental-lag model, or a hypothesis that predicts intelligence-related differences only when the task involves the use of deliberate mnemonic strategies. 相似文献
62.
Matthew J. Sharps Brandon T. Foster Sandy S. Martin Michael A. Nunes 《Current Psychology》1999,18(3):241-253
Previous studies have demonstrated that older adults can use visually distinctive cues to enhance their spatial memory performance
and their recall of the identities of items located in space. Other research has shown that older adults can also use relational
information to enhance recall. The relationship between relational and visuospatial support for memory across the adult lifespan
is complex and has been little explored. In the present study, this relationship was examined in tasks that measured free
recall for item sets possessing different degrees of visuospatial and relational support for recall. It was predicted that
both types of support would enhance older adult recall relative to that of the young, and that the two types of support would
synergize. The results were generally consistent with these predictions. These findings show that older adults can use relatively
simple relational or visuospatial support systems to enhance free recall significantly.
This research was supported by Grant AGI 1605, National Institute on Aging. 相似文献
63.
Sandy K. Wurtele 《Journal of applied social psychology》1988,18(8):627-639
Undergraduate women who varied in how much they valued health were exposed to written communications persuading them of their vulnerability to osteoporosis and of the effectiveness of a recommended action in preventing this disease. Vulnerability had a significant main effect on intentions and subsequent behavior. This effect was obtained regardless of how much the subjects valued their health or whether the coping response was effective. Intentions to perform the recommended behaviors proved to be the best predictors of self-reported and actual behavior change, in support of the Ajzen-Fishbein (1980) model. Intentions, in turn, were predicted from recipients' beliefs regarding their ability to perform the behavior, their vulnerability to the health threat, and the effectiveness of the recommended threat-reducing response. Implications of these findings for health promotion campaigns are discussed. 相似文献
64.
Identifying factors that help or hinder new executives in "getting up to speed" quickly and remaining with an organization is vital to maximizing the effectiveness of executive development. The current study extends past research by examining extraversion as a moderator of relationships between leader-member exchange (LMX) and performance, turnover intentions, and actual turnover for an executive sample. The sample consisted of 116 new executives who were surveyed prior to starting their employment and at 3 months postentry. A total of 67 senior executives rated these new executives in terms of overall performance at 6 months postentry. Turnover data were gathered from company records 3 1/2 years later. Hierarchical regression results showed that LMX was not related to performance or turnover intentions for those high in extraversion; but for individuals low in extraversion, there was a relation between LMX, performance, and turnover intentions. Furthermore, survival analyses showed that LMX was only related to turnover-hazard rate for individuals low in extraversion. 相似文献
65.
66.
Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: the interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article examined the relationships and outcomes of behaviors falling at the interface of general and sexual forms of interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace. Data were collected with surveys of two different female populations (Ns = 833 and 1,425) working within a large public-sector organization. Findings revealed that general incivility and sexual harassment were related constructs, with gender harassment bridging the two. Moreover, these behaviors tended to co-occur in organizations, and employee well-being declined with the addition of each type of mistreatment to the workplace experience. This behavior type (or behavior combination) effect remained significant even after controlling for behavior frequency. The findings are interpreted from perspectives on sexual aggression, social power, and multiple victimization. 相似文献
67.
Brown AS Zoccoli SL Leahy MM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(3):496-507
In 3 experiments the authors examined changes in successive exemplar generation percentages within categories defined semantically (e.g., fruit-P, fruit-A, fruit-M) and by 1st letter (e.g., insect-C, sport-C, car-C), with a mixed control condition (e.g., fruit-P, insect-C, disease-M). Retrieval success declined across 12 successive items in both semantic and letter categories, with no change for the mixed condition. This retrieval inhibition is unrelated to taxonomic frequency of exemplars within either letter or semantic categorical structures. Furthermore, semantic retrieval inhibition appears to be long lasting, suggested by the decline in retrieval percentage across successive 12-item blocks in both the mixed and letter conditions. The authors suggest that different mechanisms underlie the inhibition found in the semantic (suppression) and letter (interference) conditions. 相似文献
68.
Matthew?J.?SharpsEmail author Jana?L.?Price-Sharps Sandy?Schulte?Day Michael?A?Nunes Amy?Boothby?Villegas Sandra?Mitchell 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2005,24(2):91-101
Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is associated with elevated levels of substance abuse, but the cognitive linkages
involved have been little explored. The present study builds upon earlier work showing that more gestalt, as opposed to feature-intensive,
styles of processing are conductive to substance abuse, especially in those with ADHD symptoms. The work reported here indicates
that a protective factor against substance abuse may lie in relatively efficient heuristic processing, especially synthetic
or inferential heuristic processing, but further demonstrates that those with ADHD symptoms tend to have poorer abilities
in this regard, even at the subclinical, nondiagnosed level. Results are discussed in terms of the gestalt/featureintensive
processing theory of cognition. 相似文献
69.
Anthony Biglan Dennis Ary Howard Yudelson T. E. Duncan Donald Hood Lisa James Virginia Koehn Zada Wright Carol Black Debra Levings Sandy Smith Elizabeth Gaiser 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(3):311-339
The experimental evaluation of two components of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use are described. Youth antitobacco activities (e.g., peer quizzes, sidewalk art, poster and T-shirt giveaways, etc.) and family communications activities (pamphlets to parents and student quizzes of parents) were evaluated in two time-series experiments, each of which was conducted in two experimental and one control community. Students in Grades 6 and 8 and their parents were assessed in a series of four phone surveys in the first experiment and six phone surveys in the second. Implementation of the youth antitobacco and family communications activities led to significantly greater exposure of young people to antitobacco information. They led to increases in parent and youth knowledge about tobacco use and more negative attitudes toward tobacco. In Experiment 2, youths in intervention communities had significantly lower rated intentions to smoke. The findings suggest the value of a modular approach to community interventions for influencing the social context relevant to the onset of adolescent tobacco use. 相似文献
70.
Melissa Anderson Sandy WolfsonNick Neave Mark Moss 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2012,13(3):311-316