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881.
Temporal discounting rates in humans generally decrease as the amount of reward increases, a phenomenon known as themagnitude effect. In the present study, we examined whether temporal discounting and the magnitude effect are related to segregation of choices
in terms of gains or losses for waiting for or expediting receipt of a reward. Subjects (N = 24) responded to a series of
hypothetical choices about amounts of money available either immediately or after a delay. The immediate and delayed amounts
either were presented as integrated amounts in the baseline condition or were segregated as differential gains or losses for
choosing delayed or expedited consumption (delay and speedup conditions, respectively). Temporal discounting rates decreased
in the segregated conditions, in accord with the standard discounted utility model but contrary to the hypothesis that the
subjects were choosing on the basis of reward differentials in the baseline condition. The size of the magnitude effect was
comparable in the baseline and the delay conditions but decreased in the speed-up condition. These results challenge explanations
of the magnitude effect in terms of an increasing proportional sensitivity property of the utility function (Loewenstein &
Prelec, 1992) and the hypothesis that subjects choose on the basis of differentials even when the rewards are presented as
integrated amounts. 相似文献
882.
We describe WebDiP (Web Decision Processes)—an open-source, online tool—which enables a researcher to track
participants while they search for information in a database, available through the Internet. After various instructions on
setup and configuration are given, a detailed view of WebDiP explains the system’s technical features. Furthermore, other
open-source tools are mentioned that helped in programming WebDiP, running it, or analyzing data gathered with it. We present
new approaches of how open-source thinking can be incorporated into a research process and discuss future perspectives of
WebDiP. 相似文献
883.
Koch I 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(1):107-112
Many studies of task switching have found that a prolonged preparation time reduces switch costs. An alternative manipulation
of task preparation is based on sequential task predictability, rather than preparation time. In Experiments 1 and 2 of the
present study, participants performed explicitly instructed task sequences (i.e., AABB) and were then transferred to a random
sequence. The observed benefit of predictability-based task preparation was not switch specific. In Experiment 3, the participants
changed from random to predictable tasks. The observed predictability benefit again was not switch specific. The data thus
suggest that task switching does not necessarily require a switch-specific reconfiguration process. Rather, task-specific
control processes may be needed in both task switches and repetitions. 相似文献
884.
Friedman A Kerkman DD Brown NR Stea D Cappello HM 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(6):1054-1060
We examined some potential causes of bias in geographic location estimates by comparing location estimates of North American
cities made by Canadian, U.S., and Mexican university students. All three groups placed most Mexican cities near the equator,
which implies that all e influenced by shared beliefs about the locationthree groups wers of geographical regions relative
to global reference points. However, the groups divided North America into different regions and differed in the relative
accuracy of the estimates within them, which implies that there was an influence of culture-specific knowledge. The data support
a category-based system of plausible reasoning, in which biases in judgments are multiply determined, and underscore the utility
of the estimation paradigm as a tool in cross-cultural cognitive research. 相似文献
885.
Using the score method to construct asymmetric confidence intervals: An SAS program for content validation in scale development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Expert review sessions are often conducted to determine the content validity of scale items. The accurate quantification of
content validity is usually limited by a relatively small number of experts as well as by a small number of rating categories.
These factors, combined with the bounded and discrete nature of rating scale categories, hinder use of traditional methods
for computing standard errors and confidence intervals. Using an application of the score method, researchers can construct
an asymmetric interval that is better suited for these situations. SAS code is provided to automate the computations, and
a discussion of two methods for using the obtained results for content validation decisionmaking follows. 相似文献
886.
Much previous research has demonstrated that visual search is typically disrupted by the presence of a unique “singleton”
distractor in the search display. Here we show that attentional capture by an irrelevant color singleton during shape search
critically depends on availability of working memory to the search task: When working memory is loaded in a concurrent yet
unrelated verbal short-term memory task, capture increases. These findings converge with previous demonstrations that increasing
working memory load results in greater distractor interference in Stroop-like tasks (de Fockert, Rees, Frith, & Lavie, 2001;
Lavie, Hirst, de Fockert, & Viding, 2004), which support the hypothesis that working memory provides goal-directed control
of visual selective attention allowing to minimize interference by goal-irrelevant distractors. 相似文献
887.
888.
We examined two different accounts of why studying distinctive information reduces false memories within the DRM paradigm.
The impoverished relational encoding account predicts that less memorial information, such as overall familiarity, is elicited
by the critical lure after distinctive encoding than after nondistinctive encoding. By contrast, the distinctiveness heuristic
predicts that participants use a deliberate retrieval strategy to withhold responding to the critical lures. This retrieval
strategy refers to a decision rule whereby the absence of memory for expected distinctive information is taken as evidence
for an event’s nonoccurrence. We show that the typical false-recognition suppression effect only occurs when the recognition
test is self paced. This suppression effect is abolished when participants make recognition decisions under time pressure,
such as within 1 second of seeing the test item. These results are consistent with the distinctiveness heuristic that a time-consuming
retrieval strategy is used to reduce false-recognition responses. 相似文献
889.
Although many nonlinear models of cognition have been proposed in the past 50 years, there has been little consideration of
corresponding statistical techniques for their analysis. In analyses with nonlinear models, unmodeled variability from the
selection of items or participants may lead to asymptotically biased estimation. This asymptotic bias, in turn, renders inference
problematic. We show, for example, that a signal detection analysis of recognition memory data leads to asymptotic underestimation
of sensitivity. To eliminate asymptotic bias, we advocate hierarchical models in which participant variability, item variability,
and measurement error are modeled simultaneously. By accounting for multiple sources of variability, hierarchical models yield
consistent and accurate estimates of participant and item effects in recognition memory. This article is written in tutorial
format; we provide an introduction to Bayesian statistics, hierarchical modeling, and Markov chain Monte Carlo computational
techniques. 相似文献
890.
Contrasting linguistic and nonlinguistic processing has been of interest to many researchers with different scientific, theoretical,
or clinical questions. However, previous work on this type of comparative analysis and experimentation has been limited. In
particular, little is known about the differences and similarities between the perceptual, cognitive, and neural processing
of nonverbal environmental sounds and that of speech sounds. With the aim of contrasting verbal and nonverbal processing in
the auditory modality, we developed a new on-line measure that can be administered to subjects from different clinical, neurological,
or sociocultural groups. This is an on-line task of sound to picture matching, in which the sounds are either environmental
sounds or their linguistic equivalents and which is controlled for potential task and item confounds across the two sound
types. Here, we describe the design and development of our measure and report norming data for healthy subjects from two different
adult age groups: younger adults (18–24 years of age) and older adults (54–78 years of age). We also outline other populations
to which the test has been or is being administered. In addition to the results reported here, the test can be useful to other
researchers who are interested in systematically contrasting verbal and nonverbal auditory processing in other populations. 相似文献