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931.
Thomas Schmidt Sandra Miksch Lisa Bulganin Florian Jäger Felix Lossin Joline Jochum Peter Kohl 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(6):1556-1568
We demonstrate qualitative dissociations of brightness processing in visuomotor priming and conscious vision. Speeded keypress responses to the brighter of two luminance targets were performed in the presence of preceding dark and bright primes (clearly visible and flanking the targets) whose apparent brightness values were enhanced or attenuated by a visual illusion. Response times to the targets were greatly affected by consistent versus inconsistent arrangements of the primes, relative to the targets (response priming). Priming effects could systematically contradict subjective brightness matches, such that one prime could appear brighter than the other but could prime as if it were darker. Systematic variation of the illusion showed that response-priming effects depended only on local flanker-background contrast, not on the subjective appearance of the flankers. Our findings suggest that speeded motor responses, as opposed to conscious perceptual judgments, access an early phase of lightness and brightness processing prior to full lightness constancy. 相似文献
932.
Daniel Martin Varisco 《Contemporary Islam》2010,4(1):157-177
In the past two decades a virtual Ummah has evolved in cyberspace. While some of these websites are targeted specifically
at Muslims, others attempt to provide outreach on Islam or counter Islamophobic bias. As noted by Jon Anderson, in his pioneering
work on Islam in cyberspace, Muslims were among the first engineering students to create websites at the dawn of the Internet,
before mainstream Islamic organizations posted official websites. There is a wealth of material by Muslims in English and
Western languages, some of it archived for research. This article explores the methodological problems posed in studying the
range of Islam-content blogs, from private individuals to religious scholars, as well as Muslim websites that feature comments
from readers. The focus of the paper is an analysis of blogs about Islam or by Muslims that either act as watchdogs on the
media or try to provide alternative views to the mainstream media of competing Muslim groups. Researching these blogs as a
form of e-ethnography calls for a rethinking and refining of anthropological methodology as e-ethnography. 相似文献
933.
934.
935.
The effects of custodial vs non-custodial sanctions on reoffending: lessons from a systematic review
Based on a systematic review of some 23 (out of 300 originally located) studies, it is concluded that most studies show lower rates of re-offending following a non-custodial compared to a custodial sanction. However, this outcome may be biased because, in most quasi-experiments of this kind, subjects with the worst prospects of rehabilitation are likely to be sent to prison. In a meta-analysis limited to five randomised controlled trials and one natural experiment, it is concluded that custodial and non-custodial sanctions do not differ significantly in terms of re-offending. Lessons from this review include, in view of future evaluations, the need to increase randomised controlled trials, to use broader measures of re-offending and rehabilitation, to look at long-term effects, and to deal with possible Hawthorn effects. Equal rates of re-offending do not mean that or , but that criminal justice policies should not be based on the belief that short-term confinement will be damaging. 相似文献
936.
The article reports a systematic review of controlled outcome evaluations of psychosocial and organic sexual offender treatment. A comprehensive search of the literature in five languages revealed 80 independent comparisons between treated and untreated groups of sexual offenders ( N = 22,181). The majority of studies confirmed a positive treatment effect. Overall, 11.1% of treated offenders and 17.5% of controls showed sexual recidivism (37% difference). Findings for violent and general recidivism were similar. Studies on surgical castration showed the strongest effect; however, this was confounded with methodological and offender characteristics. Hormonal medication, cognitive-behavioural, and behavioural approaches also revealed a positive effect. Non-behavioural treatments did not show a significant impact. Other moderators such as small sample size, authors' affiliation with the program, program completion versus dropout, or type of outcome measure had a significant impact. Methodological study characteristics explained the largest proportion of effect size variance. Overall, findings are promising but more differentiated evaluations of high quality are needed. 相似文献
937.
From Theory to Intervention: Mapping Theoretically Derived Behavioural Determinants to Behaviour Change Techniques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Susan Michie Marie Johnston Jill Francis Wendy Hardeman Martin Eccles 《Psychologie appliquee》2008,57(4):660-680
Theory provides a helpful basis for designing interventions to change behaviour but offers little guidance on how to do this. This paper aims to illustrate methods for developing an extensive list of behaviour change techniques (with definitions) and for linking techniques to theoretical constructs. A list of techniques and definitions was generated from techniques published in two systematic reviews, supplemented by "brainstorming" and a systematic search of nine textbooks used in training applied psychologists. Inter-rater reliability of extracting the techniques and definitions from the textbooks was assessed. Four experts judged which techniques would be effective in changing 11 theoretical constructs associated with behaviour change. Thirty-five techniques identified in the reviews were extended to 53 by brainstorming and to 137 by consulting textbooks. Agreement for the 53 definitions was 74.7 per cent (15.4% cells completed and 59.3% cells empty for both raters). Agreement about the link between the 35 techniques and theoretical constructs was 71.7 per cent of 385 judgments (12.2% agreement that effective and 59.5% agreement that not effective). This preliminary work demonstrates the possibility of developing a comprehensive, reliable taxonomy of techniques linked to theory. Further refinement is needed to eliminate redundancies, resolve uncertainties, and complete technique definitions. 相似文献
938.
John Neil Martin 《Synthese》2008,165(1):31-51
Though acknowledged by scholars, Plato’s identification of the Beautiful and the Good has generated little interest, even
in aesthetics where the moral concepts are a current topic. The view is suspect because, e.g., it is easy to find examples
of ugly saints and beautiful sinners. In this paper the thesis is defended using ideas from Plato’s ancient commentators,
the Neoplatonists. Most interesting is Proclus, who applied to value theory a battery of linguistic tools with fixed semantic
properties—comparative adjectives, associated gradable adjectives, mass nouns, and predicate negations—all with a semantics
that demand a privative scale of value. It is shown how it is perfectly possible to interpret value terms Platonically over
privative Boolean algebras so that beautifuland good diverge while at higher levels other value terms are coextensional. Considerations are offered that this structure conforms
to actual usage. 相似文献
939.
Jared B. Kenworthy Miles Hewstone John M. Levine Robin Martin Hazel Willis 《European journal of social psychology》2008,38(4):624-636
In three experiments, we manipulated participants' perceived numerical status and compared the originality and creativity of arguments generated by members of numerical minorities and majorities. Independent judges, blind to experimental conditions, rated participants' written arguments. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that participants assigned to a numerical minority generated more original arguments when advocating their own position than did numerical majorities. In Study 3, an equal‐factions control group was included in the design, and all participants were instructed to argue for a counter‐attitudinal position. Those in the numerical minority generated more creative arguments than those in both the majority and equal‐factions conditions, but not stronger arguments. We propose cognitive and social processes that may underlie our obtained effects and discuss implications for minority influence research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
940.
In the light of recent calls for more integrative approaches to theorizing and measurement in motivation and engagement research, the present study assesses the generality of key motivation and engagement constructs across seven performance domains: elementary school (N = 624), high school (N = 21,579), university/college (N = 420), work (N = 637), music (N = 224), sport (N = 204), and daily life (N = 249). Based on domain specific adaptations of the Motivation and Engagement Scale, multi-group confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) tested invariance across the seven domains. First and higher order multi-group CFAs demonstrated broad invariance in factor loadings (in particular), factor correlations/variances, and uniquenesses across performance domains. Taken together, the present data support the hypothesized generality of key motivation and engagement constructs. Findings hold implications for pragmatic, statistical, substantive, and intervention considerations in motivation and engagement research and also for research into cognate constructs in personality psychology more generally. 相似文献