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991.
Research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science
Daryl B. O'Connor John P. Aggleton Bhismadev Chakrabarti Cary L. Cooper Cathy Creswell Sandra Dunsmuir Susan T. Fiske Susan Gathercole Brendan Gough Jane L. Ireland Marc V. Jones Adam Jowett Carolyn Kagan Maria Karanika-Murray Linda K. Kaye Veena Kumari Stephan Lewandowsky Stafford Lightman Debra Malpass Elizabeth Meins B. Paul Morgan Lisa J. Morrison Coulthard Stephen D. Reicher Daniel L. Schacter Susan M. Sherman Victoria Simms Antony Williams Til Wykes Christopher J. Armitage 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2020,111(4):603-629
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents the greatest international biopsychosocial emergency the world has faced for a century, and psychological science has an integral role to offer in helping societies recover. The aim of this paper is to set out the shorter- and longer-term priorities for research in psychological science that will (a) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline; (b) enable researchers to focus their resources on gaps in knowledge; and (c) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about future research priorities in order to best meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the pandemic. The research priorities were informed by an expert panel convened by the British Psychological Society that reflects the breadth of the discipline; a wider advisory panel with international input; and a survey of 539 psychological scientists conducted early in May 2020. The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer-term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. We call on psychological scientists to work collaboratively with other scientists and stakeholders, establish consortia, and develop innovative research methods while maintaining high-quality, open, and rigorous research standards. 相似文献
992.
Sandrine R. Müller Heinrich Peters Sandra C. Matz Weichen Wang Gabriella M. Harari 《欧洲人格杂志》2020,34(5):714-732
People interact with their physical environments every day by visiting different places and moving between them. Such mobility behaviours likely influence and are influenced by people's subjective well-being. However, past research examining the links between mobility behaviours and well-being has been inconclusive. Here, we provide a comprehensive investigation of these relationships by examining individual differences in two types of mobility behaviours (movement patterns and places visited) and their relationship to six indicators of subjective well-being (depression, loneliness, anxiety, stress, affect, and energy) at two different temporal levels of analysis (two-week tendencies and daily level). Using data from a large smartphone-based longitudinal study (N = 1765), we show that (i) movement patterns assessed via GPS data (distance travelled, entropy, and irregularity) and (ii) places visited assessed via experience sampling reports (home, work, and social places) are associated with subjective well-being at the between and within person levels. Our findings suggest that distance travelled is related to anxiety, affect, and stress, irregularity is related to depression and loneliness, and spending time in social places is negatively associated with loneliness. We discuss the implications of our work and highlight directions for future research on the generalizability to other populations as well as the characteristics of places. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
993.
Richard L. Wiener Ph.D David Eton M.A. Vincent P. Gibbons M.D. Jesse A. Goldner J.D. Sandra H. Johnson J.D. 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1998,16(4):497-508
Judicial decisions reviewed in this article indicate that courts have taken two disparate approaches to disputes over futility of treatment. To explore whether a consensus on medical futility is developing among hospitals, the authors conducted a nationwide survey of health care professionals at hospitals. Respondents assigned importance ratings to factors used in recent futility decisions made at their institutions. The resulting importance ratings showed significant variation by characteristics of the institution (comparing respondents from for-profit, not-for-profit, and government hospitals) and by profession of the respondent (comparing physicians and nurses). The respondents' judgments endorsed three distinct strategies for making futility decisions (i.e., emphasis on the patient's decision preferences, providing for the patient and family, and adhering to objective medical and social norms). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
994.
Christiane Robert-Tissot Bertrand Cramer Daniel N. Stern Sandra Rusconi Serpa Jean-Pierre Bachmann Francisco Palacio-Espasa Dora Knauer Muriel De Muralt Catherine Berney Gregoria Mendiguren 《Infant mental health journal》1996,17(2):97-114
The effects of brief mother–infant psychotherapies (maximum of 10 sessions) were examined in cases of functional and behavioral disturbances in children less than 30 months old. Seventy-five mother-infant dyads were assessed prior to treatment, at 1 week, and 6 months after therapy ended. The outcome measures were changes in the infant's symptoms, the behavioral interactions between mother and infant, and maternal representations. The effect of two forms of intervention—Psychodynamic Therapy and Interaction Guidance Therapy—were compared. Results indicated a significant symptom reduction; dyadic interactions became more harmonious (mothers became less intrusive and infants more cooperative). Maternal self-esteem grew significantly and negative affects decreased. Improvements lasted as least several months, with some positive improvement detected at the 6-month follow-up. No major difference in outcome was found between the effects of the two forms of intervention. Within the limitations of research in a clinical context, this study suggests that brief mother–infant psychotherapies are a cost-effective method of early intervention. 相似文献
995.
The Lesbian Youth Support Information Service (LYSIS) was established in 1991 as a result of research conducted into the needs and experiences of young lesbians. This research found that young lesbians are vulnerable to mental health problems, including depression, attempted suicide, self-harming behaviours and alcohol misuse, as well as isolation and social rejection. There were also strong indications that young lesbians are most vulnerable when they are coming to terms with their sexual orientation. LYSIS offers support to young lesbians in four main ways: correspondence counselling; telephone counselling; peer support; and information. LYSIS is part of an umbrella organization, the Lesbian Information Service (LIS), which provides indirect support for young lesbians including publishing, education and training, projects and campaigning. 相似文献
996.
Ricardo Bernardi Laura Schwartzman Alicia Canetti Ana Cerutti Natalia Trenchi Sandra Rosenberg 《Infant mental health journal》1992,13(3):211-218
This paper describes the psychosocial characteristics of adolescent mothers living in poverty in urban communities of Uruguay, whose children are now 0 to 5 years old. A sample of 965 mothers representative of the poor urban communities in the entire country was studied. One hundred thirty-six of these mothers were adolescents, 19 years old or younger. Six major areas were explored: socioeconomic status and social support, family characteristics, child-rearing practices, maternal and paternal availability, and characteristics of the child. In the group of children 2 to 5 years of age, psychomotor development was explored using the Test de Desarrollo Psicomotor (TEPSI). Psychosocial risk and child development were compared for adolescent and nonadolescent poor urban mothers. Children in both groups showed negative effects. It was not found that children of adolescent mothers did worse than those of nonadolescent mothers. Therefore, it was concluded that adolescent maternity is a complex phenomenon that cannot be viewed in isolation from the social environment in which it takes place. The results indicated that in poor communities the poverty-related risk factors may obscure the effect of the age-related ones. 相似文献
997.
Melissa Stormont Sydney S. Zentall Sandra Beyda Teresa Javorsky Phillip Belfiore 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2000,10(1):37-48
This study assessed the naturalistic conditions that set the occasion for aggressive behavior in three preschoolers with hyperactivity and aggression (H/A). Peer and teacher responses to preschoolers' aggression were also investigated. For a total of 114 aggressive instances observed, relatively low percentages of aggression in social play with at least one other child were documented. The antecedent condition that was most predictive of aggression was (a) when children were seeking to enter into an activity and were denied entry and (b) when another child interrupted an on-going activity. Aggression was about 14 times greater for seeking/interrupted activity than for ongoing social play. Finally, the percentage of negative responses from peers to aggression on the playground was almost three times the rate documented in past research for preschoolers without hyperactivity. 相似文献
998.
Zusammenfassung. Dieser Artikel beschreibt einen Ansatz zur Codierung und Analyse pädagogischer Interaktionen zwischen Lernenden und Experten im Bereich der Luftfahrt-Technik im Rahmen einer intelligenten tutoriellen Lernumgebung zur Fehlererkennung und -behebung (Sherlock 2). Es werden zwei prototypische maschinelle Lernverfahren dargestellt, welche bei der Analyse eines Corpus von Dialogprotokollen eingesetzt werden. Die Verfahren generieren der Diskursstruktur möglichst gut entsprechende Grammatiken. Die gefundenen Grammatiken führten zu neuen Einsichten hinsichtlich der Funktion bestimmter Sprechakte in tutoriellen Dialogen sowie zu klaren und präzisen Modellen von Erklärungsdialogen bei Diagnoseproblemen. Summary. This paper describes our approach to coding pedagogical interactions that took place between avionics students and domain experts in an ITS for electronic troubleshooting called Sherlock 2. We also describe prototype machine learning systems that we developed to learn grammars of discourse structure. The grammars revealed instructional functions of particular speech acts that we had not been aware of, and provided concise models of explanations common in diagnostic tasks. 相似文献
999.
Previous research examining the organization of person subtypes has focused on gender and evaluation as organizing principles. Our research additionally examined subtype organization in terms of the classic “person categories” described in the self-concept and impression formation literature. Using both qualitative and quantitative measures, we examined the relative impact of these three mechanisms of subtype organization. We also investigated whether contextual cues impact subtype organization. We found that subtypes are more frequently organized in terms of person categories than by gender or evaluation. Also, as predicted, some subtype clusters' organization was relatively stable, whereas other subtype clusters were more sensitive to contextual influences. These results are discussed in terms of how characteristics that are salient in a situation may prime certain subtypes. 相似文献
1000.
Leonard A. Eiserer Maureen R. Emerling Sandra J. Scardina Howard S. Hoffman 《Aggressive behavior》1976,2(4):285-293
Two studies examined the relative abilities of conspecific-derived visual and tactile stimulation to modulate the occurrence of isolation-induced aggression in Bobwhite quail and Khaki Campbell ducklings. In Experiment 1, subjects were permitted visual stimulation from conspecifics but were deprived of conspecific tactile stimulation. In both species, these subjects subsequently showed significantly less aggression towards conspecifics than birds that had been deprived of both visual and tactile stimulation from conspecifics. In Experiment 2, one group of subjects was permitted conspecific tactile stimulation but was deprived of conspecific visual stimulation. Again for both species, these subjects subsequently exhibited significantly less aggressive behavior towards conspecifics than did subjects that had been both visually and tactually de-prived. In sum, the present research suggests that both tactile and visual stimulation from a conspecific are individually sufficient to reduce isolation-induced aggression in these precocial buds. 相似文献