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161.
A theory of diversity in speeded cognition, the difference engine, is proposed, in which information processing is represented
as a series of generic computational steps. Some individuals tend to perform all of these computations relatively quickly
and other individuals tend to perform them all relatively slowly, reflecting the existence of a general cognitive speed factor,
but the time required for response selection and execution is assumed to be independent of cognitive speed. The difference
engine correctly predicts the positively accelerated form of the relation between diversity of performance, as measured by
the standard deviation for the group, and task difficulty, as indexed by the mean response time (RT) for the group. In addition,
the difference engine correctly predicts approximately linear relations between the RTs of any individual and average performance
for the group, with the regression lines for fast individuals having slopes less than 1.0 (and positive intercepts) and the
regression lines for slow individuals having slopes greater than 1.0 (and negative intercepts). Similar predictions are made
for comparisons of slow, average, and fast subgroups, regardless of whether those subgroups are formed on the basis of differences
in ability, age, or health status. These predictions are consistent with evidence from studies of healthy young and older
adults as well as from studies of depressed and age-matched control groups. 相似文献
162.
163.
Three experiments were performed on reach and grasp in 9- to 10-year-old children (8 controls and 8 with developmental coordination disorder [DCD]). In normal reaching, children in the DCD group were less responsive to the accuracy demands of the task in controlling the transport component of prehension and spent less time in the deceleration phase of hand transport. When vision was removed as movement began, children in the control group spent more time decelerating and reached peak aperture earlier. Children in the DCD group did not do that, although, like the control group, they did increase grip aperture in the dark. When depth cues were reduced and only the target or only the target and hand were visible, children in the control group used target information to maintain the same grip aperture in all conditions, but DCD children behaved as if the target was not visible. Throughout the studies, the control group of 9- to 10-year-olds did not produce adult-like adaptations to reduced vision, suggesting that they had not yet attained adult-like integration of sensory input. Compared with control children, children with DCD did not exhibit increased dependence on vision but showed less recognition of accuracy demands, less adaptation to the removal of vision, and less use of minimal visual information when it was available. 相似文献
164.
Category learning is often modeled as either an exemplar-based or a rule-based process. This paper shows that both strategies can be combined in a cognitive architecture that was developed to model other task domains. Variations on the exemplar-based random walk (EBRW) model of Nosofsky and Palmeri (1997b) and the rule-plus-exception (RULEX) rule-based model of Nosofsky, Palmeri, and McKinley (1994) were implemented in the ACT-R cognitive architecture. The architecture allows the two strategies to be mixed to produce classification behavior. The combined system reproduces latency, learning, and generalization data from three category-learning experiments--Nosofsky and Palmeri (1997b), Nosofsky et al., and Erickson and Kruschke (1998). It is concluded that EBRW and ACT-R have different but equivalent means of incorporating similarity and practice. In addition, ACT-R brings a theory of strategy selection that enables the exemplar and the rule-based strategies to be mixed. 相似文献
165.
166.
The relationships between administrative actions and their long-term consequences were investigated in 14 people beginning training to become high-level college and university administrators, 19 people who had just finished that training, and 44 provosts (chief academic officers) at colleges and universities in the northeastern United States. The experienced administrators (those who had completed the training plus the provosts) were significantly more likely than the trainees to mention long-term consequences when describing their past and possible future administrative actions. However, in hypothetical choice situations, the experienced administrators were also significantly more likely than the trainees to choose smaller amounts of funds available immediately for their units versus larger amounts of promised future funds. With experience, administrators may both become more aware of their actions' long-term consequences and learn that they are unlikely to receive promised future funds. The contingencies in effect for higher-education administrators may lead them to make choices that do not result in their institutions meeting the highest standards. 相似文献
167.
B Anderson 《Brain and language》1999,70(1):86-94
Kohonen neural networks are a type of self-organizing network that recognizes the statistical characteristics of input datasets. The application of this type of neural network to language theory is demonstrated in the present note by showing three brief applications: recognizing word borders, learning the limited phonemes of one's native tongue, and category-specific naming impairments. 相似文献
168.
169.
Attentional deficits are commonly reported following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults, although the occurrence of such problems is less well documented in young children. This study aimed to investigate residual attentional abilities associated with TBI during childhood, by examining a number of aspects of attention including sustained, focussed, and divided attention, attentional shift, and response inhibition. Eighteen children with a history of TBI, aged between 8 and 14 years and 18 non-injured matched controls participated in the study. Results show that attentional skills may be differentially impaired after TBI, with children who have sustained moderate-to-severe TBI exhibiting significant deficits on the following attentional domains: sustain, focus, and response inhibition. These findings support the view that attentional impairments following pediatric TBI, while not global, may be more generalized than those reported for adult samples, perhaps reflecting the relative immaturity of attentional skills at the time of injury. 相似文献
170.
Pre-school children expect falling objects to travel in a straight line even when there are clear physical mechanisms that deviate the object's path (Hood, 1995). The current study set out to determine whether this expectancy is limited to humans. Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus), a New World monkey species, were tested on Hood's (1995) experimental task where objects are dropped down a chimney connected by an opaque tube to one of three containers. Like human children, there was a significant tendency to search in the container underneath the chimney where the food was dropped on the first trial, even though aligned chimneys and containers were never connected. These search errors suggest that there may be a gravity bias that operates when both primate species fail to understand the constraints operating on object trajectories. Unlike human children however, tamarins were generally more likely to perseverate in making errors even though repeated testing and cost incentives were used. 相似文献