性别与阿尔茨海默病相关性的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是以近期记忆障碍为主要临床症状,以老年斑及神经纤维缠结为主要病理改变的进行性神经变性疾病。目前发现男女患病率有明显差异,女性患病率是男性的1．5倍～3倍,这可能是由于绝经后妇女体内雌激素不足增加了AD的易感性,而男性血清总睾酮降低,能使AD患者病情恶化。     

Perceptions of self-oriented and other-oriented “everyday” helpers

In two investigations, participants were asked to evaluate eight different young adults (Study 1) and children (Study 2) who had described (a) a situation in which they had offered assistance to another individual and (b) the reason why they had offered the assistance in that situation. Although other-oriented helpers and their motives were generally rated more favorably than self-oriented helpers and their motives, participants' evaluations were found to be influenced by the closeness of the helper-recipient relationship, the type of help provided (i.e., instrumental vs. expressive), and the participants' gender. A similar pattern of responses was found for the undergraduate (Studies 1 and 2) and preadolescent (Study 2) participants.     

基于培养医学创新能力的医学方法学课程体系构建

医学知识发现、医学认识能力的形成须有医学方法学的有效支撑,由此,形成了致力于医学知识获取、利用与产出的医学方法学课程.遵从结构决定功能的理念,将医学信息检索、流行病学、临床流行病学、循证医学、医学科研导论等课程构建起医学方法学课程群,形成模块化集成优势,有助于创新能力培养.     

Testing the efficiency of Markov chain Monte Carlo with People using facial affect categories

Exploring how people represent natural categories is a key step toward developing a better understanding of how people learn, form memories, and make decisions. Much research on categorization has focused on artificial categories that are created in the laboratory, since studying natural categories defined on high-dimensional stimuli such as images is methodologically challenging. Recent work has produced methods for identifying these representations from observed behavior, such as reverse correlation (RC). We compare RC against an alternative method for inferring the structure of natural categories called Markov chain Monte Carlo with People (MCMCP). Based on an algorithm used in computer science and statistics, MCMCP provides a way to sample from the set of stimuli associated with a natural category. We apply MCMCP and RC to the problem of recovering natural categories that correspond to two kinds of facial affect (happy and sad) from realistic images of faces. Our results show that MCMCP requires fewer trials to obtain a higher quality estimate of people's mental representations of these two categories.     

肝病性糖尿病的发病机制及治疗进展

肝源性糖尿病为继发性糖尿病,因肝实质损害而导致,患者以餐后高血糖和葡萄糖耐量减低为特征.发病机制与肝病时肝糖原合成能力降低,胰岛素抵抗有关.治疗原则是改善和保护肝功能,降低高血糖,缓解症状.所以该病在诊治方面与2型糖尿病有很大区别,本文在此综述如下.     

The relation of vicarious to direct instigation and conditioning of electrodermal responses

Abstract.— Three groups with 16 Ss each and run in pairs, participated in a differential, successive components, long interstimulus interval conditioning paradigm with the skin conductance response as dependent variable. For the problem solving group the task was described as guessing which of two lamps (CS₂s) would follow after two different tones (CS₁s). In the observer group they were further informed that the other subject in the pair, the model, would receive shocks at CS+ offset, which actually was the case for the model group. Skin conductance responses were scored in five intervals during and after the non-overlapping presentation of the two CSs with a duration of 8 sec each. The results indicated no differentiation in any interval for the problem-solvers, and parallel instigation to shock and threat of shock, and conditioning in the observer and model groups, with the exception of conditioning in the 1st interval for observers only. The results were interpreted as parallel instigation and conditioning between vicarious and direct learning, the reported difference being due only to different UCS-intensities causing a blocking of first-order conditioning in the model but not in the observer group.     

Wisconsin's Research-Through-Service Program for Superior High School Students

The Research and Guidance Laboratory for Superior Students was organized at the University of Wisconsin in 1957 to conduct longitudinal research-through-service for superior high school students. It currently involves 2,000 young people from 75 Wisconsin secondary schools. Each year faculties of cooperating schools use multiple criteria to select new ninth-grade participants. Selected students visit the Laboratory annually throughout high school for evaluation, testing, counseling, and visits to classes and professors in fields of their choice. After students come to the University, Laboratory staff members visit their schools to interview parents and meet with teachers. Laboratory activities generate many research questions concerning identification, guidance, and educational and vocational development of superior students. It is intended to continue research and follow-up of Laboratory subjects for many years after they leave high school.     

Social perceptions of male and female extreme mesomorphs.

In this study, male and female university students in the United States were exposed to mesomorphic or nonmesomorphic stimuli as reflected by photographs of either male body builders and non-body builders or female body builders and non-body builders. Then they were asked to attribute various personality traits and sex-role behaviors to them. Subjects, irrespective of their sex, perceived male and female body builders as possessing more traditionally masculine and less traditionally feminine personality characteristics than male and female non-body builders. Also, male and female body builders were seen as possessing less socially desirable traits than non-body builders. As predicted, female body builders were perceived generally as being more likely to engage in traditionally masculine sex-role behaviors in their dating and marriage relationships than female non-body builders. Contrary to expectation, however, male body builders were not perceived as more likely to engage in higher levels of masculine sex-role behaviors than male non-body builders.     

知觉或记忆条件下对连续变化刺激的相似判断

控制不同材料(图形和字母)的大小、位置和长宽比连续变化,在标准和待判断刺激同时(知觉任务)或相继呈现(记忆任务)两种条件下进行相似判断的实验研究。结论为(1)任务方式对图形的相似判断有非常显著的影响;(2)知觉任务中相似判断的反应时非常显著地长于记忆任务中的反应时;(3)对材料各种特征的相似判断和加工速度差异非常显著．某些特征在相似表征中有较重要的作用。     

西北民族地区中学生心理地位与人际交往能力的关系研究

以西北民族地区甘南藏族自治州的1所多民族混合学校、1所单一少数民族学校以及兰州市1所普通中学的521名中学生为被试,采用心理地位量表和中学生人际交往能力问卷,探讨不同学校类型中学生心理地位和人际交往能力的关系。结果表明:(1)西北民族地区藏汉混合学校学生的心理地位显著高于单一民族中学的学生,但与普通中学的学生之间不存在显著差异;(2)西北民族地区藏汉混合学校学生人际交往能力得分显著高于单一民族中学的学生,但与普通中学学生之间差异不显著;(3)西北民族地区中学生的心理地位与人际交往能力之间存在显著相关;(4)西北民族地区中学生的心理地位特征能够较好地预测其人际交往能力的发展水平。