现代慈善事业及其在中国的发展

慈善事业是建立在社会捐献基础之上的民营社会性救助事业,是一种混合型分配方式。慈善事业以社会成员的善爱之心为道德基础,以贫富差别的存在为社会基础,以社会捐献为经济基础,以民营机构为组织基础,以捐献者的意愿为实施基础,以社会成员的普遍参与为发展基础。在阐述慈善事业的组织与运行机制的条件下,讨论了处理好慈善事业发展中的若干关系问题。提出中国不仅需要发展慈善事业,而且具备发展慈善事业的基本条件,目前的关键在于对慈善事业进行合理定位并进一步完善慈善法制等     

大学生成就需要、自尊水平与应对方式的相关研究

使用测量方法对312名大学生的成就需要、自尊水平和应对方式之间的关系进行了研究。结果发现,大学生总体上趋向于选择问题解决、求助等积极的应对方式而不是自责、退避等消极的应对方式。自尊水平的高低对每项应对方式的选择都有显著影响,而成就需要的高低只对问题解决应对方式有显著影响。除了求助方式外,其他应对方式均不存在性别差异。女大学生比男大学生更倾向于选择求助方式。     

汉语不同方言群体对中性词汇内隐态度的差异

采用GNAT范式,以三因素混合实验设计,对20位闽北语系及27位闽南语系大学生进行听觉实验,考察方言群体对中性词与评价词汇的联结差异,探究方言与思维的关系。结果：对方言呈现的词,闽北语系内隐态度消极,闽南语系内隐态度积极,二者差异显著;对普通话呈现的词,两种语系均趋于消极,差异不显著。结论：特定方言呈现词汇将引发相应的内隐态度,闽南语引发积极内隐态度,闽北语和普通话引发消极内隐态度。     

创伤后应激障碍患者的HPA轴功能变化的时间序列特征

已知创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD)患者表现出HPA轴(hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical axis)功能异常, 而皮质醇是反映PTSD患者HPA轴功能的重要生物标记。近期的研究结果提示, PTSD患者的皮质醇水平变化可能有明显的时间序列特征, 即应激事件发生后先升高, 后下降至正常水平之下。这一特征受到生物标记的时间特性, 患者病程, 应激源类型和强度, 伴生疾病等因素的干扰和掩蔽。未来研究应进一步采用长期追踪设计, 控制干扰因素的影响, 结合急性应激和慢性应激生物标记来综合验证PTSD患者皮质醇水平变化的时间序列特征|并利用该特征预测PTSD的发生、发展, 以便及时进行干预|考虑皮质醇的代谢、拮抗等机制, 结合多种生物标记综合评估、诊断PTSD患者的HPA轴功能活性。     

Young children’s developing conception of knowledge and ignorance: work in progress

When do children acquire an understanding of knowledge and ignorance? We analyzed the early development of children’s spontaneous references to knowing and not knowing and conclude that 2-year-olds talk explicitly and cogently about their own knowledge as well as that of an interlocutor. Two-year-olds also admit their own ignorance. Moreover, consistent with their realization that an informant may know what they do not, 2-year-olds ask many information-seeking questions. Finally, we discuss children’s receptivity and skepticism, especially toward the counterintuitive claims of an adult. We conclude that children’s conception of knowledge and ignorance begins early but undergoes protracted refinement.     

The locus of taboo context effects in picture naming

Speakers respond more slowly when naming pictures presented with taboo (i.e., offensive/embarrassing) than with neutral distractor words in the picture–word interference paradigm. Over four experiments, we attempted to localize the processing stage at which this effect occurs during word production and determine whether it reflects the socially offensive/embarrassing nature of the stimuli. Experiment 1 demonstrated taboo interference at early stimulus onset asynchronies of ?150?ms and 0?ms although not at 150?ms. In Experiment 2, taboo distractors sharing initial phonemes with target picture names eliminated the interference effect. Using additive factors logic, Experiment 3 demonstrated that taboo interference and phonological facilitation effects do not interact, indicating that the two effects originate at different processing levels within the speech production system. In Experiment 4, interference was observed for masked taboo distractors, including those sharing initial phonemes with the target picture names, indicating that the effect cannot be attributed to a processing level involving responses in an output buffer. In two of the four experiments, the magnitude of the interference effect correlated significantly with arousal ratings of the taboo words. However, no significant correlations were found for either offensiveness or valence ratings. These findings are consistent with a locus for the taboo interference effect prior to the processing stage responsible for word form encoding. We propose a pre-lexical account in which taboo distractors capture attention at the expense of target picture processing due to their high arousal levels.     

叶法善道法简析

道教发展至唐代出现兴盛之势,这与李唐统治者对道教的重视和支持密切相关,但另一方面,自隋朝统一南北之后,道教各派间得以更广泛的交流也是原因之一。如卿希泰先生主编的《中国道教史》指出:"隋的统一打破了地域分割,为融合进一步创造了条件。唐承隋而继续推进融合,带来了道教的繁荣兴盛。"     

大学生社会支持对主观幸福感的影响机制——自我控制及抑郁的中介作用

以300名大学生为被试,采用问卷调查法探讨了自我控制、抑郁在社会支持与主观幸福感关系间的中介效应。结果发现：(1) 自我控制和抑郁都在社会支持预测主观幸福感时具有中介效应;(2) 抑郁与自我控制相互作用调节着社会支持与主观幸福感的关系,在其中起着中介影响作用。采用EQS5.7b分析进一步验证了这一结果。     

Neural temporal dynamics of contingency judgement

The present study captures the dynamics of neural processing across positively contingent, negatively contingent, and noncontingent relations. In the setting of a hypothetical chat room conversation, participants rated the contingency of emotional response between two individuals. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were time-locked to the onset of each emotional event. Although each event alone was ambiguous regarding contingency, its neural response was characteristic of the overall contingent relation and the subsequent contingency rating. Very early displays of contingency modified the ERP anterior N1 (AN1) component amplitude. In contrast, the ERP selection negativity (SN) component amplitude seemed to be more sensitive to display properties than contingency. Our results point to the recruitment of early attentional processes for contingency judgement and highlight the efficiency of statistical information processing.