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81.
Claudia C. Wolf Sebastian Ocklenburg Beyza Ören Cordula Becker Andrea Hofstätter Christa Bös Markus Popken Truls Thorstensen Onur Güntürkün 《Psychological research》2010,74(4):429-435
The stereotype of women’s limited parking skills is deeply anchored in modern culture. Although laboratory tests prove men’s
average superiority in visuospatial tasks and parking requires complex, spatial skills, underlying mechanisms remain unexplored.
Here, we investigated performance of beginners (nine women, eight men) and more experienced drivers (21 women, 27 men) at
different parking manoeuvres. Furthermore, subjects conducted the mental rotation test and self-assessed their parking skills.
We show that men park more accurately and especially faster than women. Performance is related to mental rotation skills and
self-assessment in beginners, but only to self-assessment in more experienced drivers. We assume that, due to differential
feedback, self-assessment incrementally replaces the controlling influence of mental rotation, as parking is trained with
increasing experience. Results suggest that sex differences in spatial cognition persist in real-life situations, but that
socio-psychological factors modulate the biological causes of sex differences. 相似文献
82.
Children with pre‐ or perinatal brain injury (PL) exhibit marked plasticity for language learning. Previous work has focused mostly on the emergence of earlier‐developing skills, such as vocabulary and syntax. Here we ask whether this plasticity for earlier‐developing aspects of language extends to more complex, later‐developing language functions by examining the narrative production of children with PL. Using an elicitation technique that involves asking children to create stories de novo in response to a story stem, we collected narratives from 11 children with PL and 20 typically developing (TD) children. Narratives were analysed for length, diversity of the vocabulary used, use of complex syntax, complexity of the macro‐level narrative structure and use of narrative evaluation. Children’s language performance on vocabulary and syntax tasks outside the narrative context was also measured. Findings show that children with PL produced shorter stories, used less diverse vocabulary, produced structurally less complex stories at the macro‐level, and made fewer inferences regarding the cognitive states of the story characters. These differences in the narrative task emerged even though children with PL did not differ from TD children on vocabulary and syntax tasks outside the narrative context. Thus, findings suggest that there may be limitations to the plasticity for language functions displayed by children with PL, and that these limitations may be most apparent in complex, decontextualized language tasks such as narrative production. 相似文献
83.
Fredrik Santoft Sigrid Salomonsson Hugo Hesser Elin Lindsäter Brjánn Ljótsson Mats Lekander Göran Kecklund Lars-Göran Öst Erik Hedman-Lagerlöf 《Behavior Therapy》2019,50(3):475-488
Evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for stress-related illness is growing, but little is known about its mechanisms of change. The aim of this study was to investigate potential mediators of CBT for severe stress in form of clinical burnout, using an active psychological treatment as comparator. We used linear mixed models to analyze data from patients (N = 82) with clinical burnout who received either CBT or another psychological treatment in a randomized controlled trial. Potential mediators (i.e., sleep quality, behavioral activation, perceived competence, and therapeutic alliance) and outcome (i.e., symptoms of burnout) were assessed weekly during treatment. The results showed that the positive treatment effects on symptoms of burnout favoring CBT (estimated between-group d = 0.93) were mediated by improvements in sleep quality, ab = -0.017, 95% CIasymmetric [-0.037, -0.002], and increase in perceived competence, ab = -0.037, 95% CIasymmetric [-0.070, -0.010]. Behavioral activation, ab = -0.004 [-0.016, 0.007], and therapeutic alliance, ab = 0.002 [-0.006, 0.011], did not significantly mediate the difference in effects between the treatments. Improving sleep quality and increasing perceived competence may thus constitute important process goals in order to attain symptom reduction in CBT for clinical burnout. 相似文献
84.
Lars-Göran Öst 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(12):1071-1073
Gaudiano's criticism of one part of my review of ACT outcome research (Öst, 2008) is refuted on all issues but one. It is clear that the average amount of grant support for the ACT-studies was smaller than that of CBT-studies, even if the proportion of studies having grant support was not lower. However, that fact should only influence 25% (2 out of 8) of the methodology variables on which ACT-studies had lower mean scores than CBT-studies. It is not acceptable that a relatively new treatment, such as ACT, should be evaluated by more lenient criteria than already established therapies like CBT. If proponents of a new treatment wish to claim that their therapy is empirically supported then they have to accept to be evaluated by the APA Task Force criteria. It is time that ACT researchers start using the current psychotherapy research methodology. 相似文献
85.
According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)‐hypothesis, conditions early in life may have life‐long consequences. In a series of epidemiological birth cohort and clinical studies and natural experiments, we have had the chance to test the extent to which this hypothesis is useful in understanding individual differences in psychological development and mental health. Our findings have provided evidence that individual differences in cognitive, social and emotional development and in mental health may lie in early life circumstances, and add significantly to the literature by pointing out which periods of early growth are the most critical. These findings are also important in translating pre‐clinical evidence to humans. What remains less clear, however, is what the mechanisms of programming are. Thus, further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms before information on the early life origins of health and disease can be used in designing prevention and intervention programs. 相似文献
86.
The Absentmindedness and Memory Questionnaire (AMQ) is a new self‐rating scale designed to evaluate everyday memory problems related to absentmindedness. It includes 24 items and is based on studies of different samples (N= 623). Its test‐retest reliability is high and it has consistently shown similar factor structure. The AMQ thus measures four weakly correlated factors: Absentmindedness, Persons, Locations and Codes/Addresses. Factor analysis further indicates that Absentmindedness may include two subfactors: momentary attention deficit and prospective forgetfulness or impaired agenda memory. Gender differences were found in Persons (Female+) and Locations (Male+) but not in Absentmindedness or Codes/Addresses. The current version of AMQ has seven interindividually comparable response alternatives for each item in the questionnaire. This makes it useful as a measure of subjective absentmindedness or forgetfulness as well as a complementary measure of subjective memory for persons, locations, and codes/addresses/stories, especially at follow‐up examinations. 相似文献
87.
Eighteen patients with blood phobia were shown a film of thoracic operations containing large amounts of blood. Their heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured continuously before, during and after the watching of the film. The group data showed a diphasic response; an increase in HR and BP from baseline to the beginning of the film, and then a sharp drop in these parameters with the lowest values 4 min after the film was turned off. Individual data from 5 patients who fainted or were on the edge of doing so, showed massive bradycardia or drop in BP or both. In all of these patients at least one (range 1–33) 5-sec period of asystole was recorded. Possible theoretical explanations for this characteristic response pattern are discussed. 相似文献
88.
The importance of individual response patterns in the treatment of phobic patients was examined in the present study. Forty psychiatric outpatients with social phobia were assessed with a social interaction test which was videotaped. Heart rate was continuously monitored during the test. On the basis of their reactions in the test situation, the patients were divided into two groups showing different response patterns; behavioral and physiological reactors. Within each group half of the patients were randomly assigned to a behaviorally focused method (social skills training) while the other half received a physiologically focused method (applied relaxation). The patients were treated individually in 10 sessions. The within-group comparisons showed that both treatments yielded significant improvements on most measures. The between-group comparisons showed that for the behavioral reactors, social skills training was significantly better than applied relaxation on six out of ten measures, and for the physiological reactors applied relaxation was significantly better than social skills training on three of the measures. The results support the hypothesis that greater effects are achieved when the method used fits the patient's response pattern. 相似文献
89.
Two experiments were performed to replicate the results of Ilan and Miller that response selection but no response-hand specific
preparation is present during memory scanning. Letter-case determined which hand would respond, while memory set membership
status determined whether the response was to be executed (go) or withheld (nogo). In Exp. 1, the LRP was observed as an index
of response-hand specific preparation. In Exp. 2, the consistency effect derived from the response priming paradigm was observed
as an index of more central response selection. The results replicate those of Ilan and Miller and suggest that central response
selection is present during short-term memory scanning, but hand-specific response preparation is absent. Apparently, preliminary
information is transmitted to the response selection stage during memory scanning, a finding that is inconsistent with serial
stage models, but memory scanning interferes with hand-specific response preparation.
Received: 30 March 1998 / Accepted: 30 November 1998 相似文献
90.
The aim of the present study was to identify spatial properties of motion patterns yielding perceived depth. A model was proposed to describe the different motion patterns in terms of the common and the relative motions of the moving parts. Using motion patterns consisting of two dots moving in straight paths, it was found that there were three different types of relative motions yielding unambiguous percepts: (1) lack of relative motions was perceived as motion in a frontoparallel plane; (2) two-dimensional concurrent motions were perceived as translatory motion in depth; (3) nonconcurrent motions were perceived as rotation in depth. Only two-dimensional motion patterns yielded stable depth percepts. The utility of the proposed vector analysis was discussed, and further research suggested. 相似文献