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351.
Moral ideals should not be seen as simple and purely personal, but as complex values with a social dimension that transcend attempts to formulate or realize them. Orientation towards ideals needs a realistic component: people should identify with the quest for an ideal, not with the ideal itself, and consider the possibility of negative consequences of their pursuit. Such realism about ideals includes acknowledging that ideals are not the only, nor the most important, motivating force of morality. 相似文献
352.
Facial expressions are critical for effective social communication, and as such may be processed by the visual system even when it might be advantageous to ignore them. Previous research has shown that categorising emotional words was impaired when faces of a conflicting valence were simultaneously presented. In the present study, we examined whether emotional word categorisation would also be impaired when faces of the same (negative) valence but different emotional category (either angry, sad or fearful) were simultaneously presented. Behavioural results provided evidence for involuntary processing of basic emotional facial expression category, with slower word categorisation when the face and word categories were incongruent (e.g., angry word and sad face) than congruent (e.g., angry word and angry face). Event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to the presentation of the word–face pairs also revealed that emotional category congruency effects were evident from approximately 170 ms after stimulus onset. 相似文献
353.
BACKGROUND: This study tested the hypotheses that interpretations of voices will be associated with distress linked to auditory hallucinations, and that patients experiencing hallucinations will exhibit higher levels of negative interpretations in comparison with non-patients. METHOD: The Interpretation of Voices Inventory (British Journal of Clinical Psychology 41 (2002) 259) was administered to patients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with auditory hallucinations and non-patients. Patients were also assessed using a semi-structured interview to asses clinical dimensions of their voices. RESULTS: The results showed that people with psychosis who experience auditory hallucinations did exhibit higher levels of positive and negative interpretations of voices, in comparison to non-patients. Correlational analyses revealed that interpretations of voices were significantly associated with emotional, physical and cognitive characteristics of voices. Regression analyses demonstrated that physical characteristics of voices and metaphysical beliefs were significant predictors of emotional characteristics of voices. CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
354.
Recent cognitive models suggest that mental imagery can help us understand the maintenance of anxiety disorders (e.g., de Silva, 1986; Hackmann, Surawy, & Clark, 1998). However, imagery is relatively unexplored within agoraphobia. Such images are also thought to be useful in uncovering memories that occurred around the onset of a disorder (Hackmann, Clark, & McManus, 2000). A total of 20 patients with agoraphobia and 20 matched controls took part in this investigation. Participants described any recurrent images they experienced in agoraphobic situations, and also any associated memories. All patients with agoraphobia (but no control participants) reported having distinct recurrent images in "agoraphobic situations". Most images involved several sensory modalities and in the majority of cases appeared to be linked with unpleasant memories of events experienced many years previously. While these exploratory findings require replication, potential treatment implications are discussed. 相似文献
355.
Miracle AD Brace MF Huyck KD Singler SA Wellman CL 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2006,85(3):213-218
Chronic restraint stress produces retraction of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex. To begin to examine the functional significance of this dendritic reorganization, we assessed the effects of chronic restraint stress on a prefrontally mediated behavior, extinction of conditioned fear. After bar press training to obtain a baseline of activity against which to measure freezing, rats were either unstressed or stressed via placement in a plastic restrainer (3 h/day for 1 week). After an additional day of bar press training, rats underwent fear conditioning and extinction. Rats received five habituation trials to a 30-s tone (4.5 kHz, 80 db) followed by seven pairings of tone and footshock (500 ms, 0.5 mA). One hour later, rats received tone-alone extinction trials to criterion. The next day, rats received 15 additional extinction trials. Percent freezing was assessed during all phases of training. Stress did not significantly affect unconditioned responding to tone, acquisition of conditioned fear, or initial extinction, but significantly increased freezing on extinction day 2. Thus, consistent with the regressive dendritic changes seen in medial prefrontal cortex, one week of restraint stress specifically impaired recall of extinction, a pattern of deficits typical of animals with impaired medial prefrontal function. 相似文献
356.
De Jongh A van der Burg J van Overmeir M Aartman I van Zuuren FJ 《Behaviour research and therapy》2002,40(9):1017-1029
This study assessed trauma-related sequelae of 56 highly anxious patients attending a dental fear clinic. It was also examined whether such symptomatology interferes with anxiety reduction in response to a cognitive-behavioral treatment approach. About 34 patients (59%) indicated that they had experienced one or more aversive dental events that could explain the onset of their dental anxiety. There was no difference between the dental anxiety scores of patients who reported such a background and those who did not. Severity of trauma-related symptomatology was indexed by the Impact of Event Scale (IES). The mean IES score of patients with a traumatically induced dental fear was remarkably high (33.0; SD=19.7). Furthermore, there was a strong direct relationship between severity of trauma-related symptomatology and severity of dental anxiety (shared variance was 38%). Two patients (10%) met all DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) on the basis of the Self-Rating Scale for PTSD. However, no evidence was found to suggest that either a traumatic background, or level of trauma-related symptomatology, has a negative effect on treatment outcome. 相似文献
357.
Courses on ethics and technology have become compulsory for many students at the three Dutch technical universities during
the past few years. During this time, teachers have faced a number of didactic problems, which are partly due to a growing
number of students. In order to deal with these challenges, teachers in ethics at the three technical universities in the
Netherlands — in Delft, Eindhoven and Twente — have developed a web-based computer program called Agora (see www.ethicsandtechnology.com).
This program enables students to exercise their ethical understanding and skills extensively. The program makes it possible
for students to participate actively in moral reflection and reasoning, and to develop the moral competencies that are needed
in their later professional practice. The developers of the program have tried to avoid two traps. Firstly, they rejected,
from the outset, a cookbook style of dealing with ethical problems that applied ethics is often taken to be and, secondly,
they wanted to design a flexible program that respects the student’s as well as the teacher’s creativity, and that tries to
engage students in moral reflection. Agora meets these requirements. The program offers possibilities that extend beyond the
requirements that are usually accepted for case-exercises in applied ethics, and that have been realised in several other
computer models for teaching ethics. In this article, we describe the main considerations in the development of Agora and
the features of the resulting program. 相似文献
358.
The influence of exploration mode, orientation, and configuration on the haptic Müller-Lyer illusion
Heller MA McCarthy M Schultz J Greene J Shanley M Clark A Skoczylas S Prociuk J 《Perception》2005,34(12):1475-1500
We studied the impact of manner of exploration, orientation, spatial position, and configuration on the haptic Müller-Lyer illusion. Blindfolded sighted subjects felt raised-line Müller-Lyer and control stimuli. The stimuli were felt by tracing with the index finger, free exploration, grasping with the index finger and thumb, or by measuring with the use of any two or more fingers. For haptic judgments of extent a sliding tangible ruler was used. The illusion was present in all exploration conditions, with overestimation of the wings-out compared to wings-in stimuli. Tracing with the index finger reduced the magnitude of the illusion. However, tracing and grasping induced an overall underestimation of size. The illusion was greatly attenuated when stimuli were felt with the index fingers of both hands. Illusory misperception was not altered by the position in space of the Müller-Lyer stimuli. No effects of changes in the thickness of the line shaft were found, but there were effects of the length of the wing endings for the smaller, 5.1 cm stimuli. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. 相似文献
359.
Anticipation to the mass magnitude is important in lifting, but underestimation of a mass, in contrast to overestimation, does not cause major movement disturbances. This may be caused by corrections in muscle activity before the object is actually lifted. This study was designed to assess the importance of these corrections during the loading phase for the execution of a lifting movement when the mass is underestimated. Ten subjects lifted a box (1.6 kg), of which the mass was increased by 10 kg without them knowing so. The mass was added either before the box had been lifted from the ground (perturbation before lift-off, PBL) or right perturbation after lift-off (PAL). In the PBL condition back muscle activity was increased before lift-off. Even though this early corrective response could obviously not occur in the PAL condition, the lifting movement was executed without clear problems. In sum, corrections in muscle activity before lift-off are not necessary for adequate correction of a perturbation induced by an unexpected heavier object. 相似文献
360.
When two targets are presented in rapid succession, perception of the second target is impaired at short intertarget lags (100-700 msec). This attentional blink (AB) is thought to occur only when the second target is backward masked. To the contrary, we show that task switching between the targets can produce an AB even without masking (Experiments 1 and 3). Further, we show that task switching produces an AB only when the second target does not belong to a class of overlearned stimuli such as letters or digits (Experiments 1 and 4). When the second target is masked, however, an AB is invariably obtained regardless of switching or overlearning. We propose that task switching involves a time-consuming process of reconfiguration of the visual system, during which the representation of the second target decays beyond recognition, resulting in an AB deficit. We suggest that overlearned stimuli are encoded in a form that, while maskable, decays relatively slowly, thus outlasting the delay due to reconfiguration and avoiding the AB deficit. 相似文献