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21.
Psychological knowledge from eye-witness research is applied here to the particular problem of reporting road accidents. Thereby
the paper highlights some of the assumptions in eye-witness research. The interface between that research and the reporting
of road accidents is examined by reference to existing social psychological notions. These are notions about questioning and
about hypothesis testing. The paper makes special reference to the questioning of child witnesses because problems therein
are particularly acute. 相似文献
22.
Susan M. Garnsey Michael K. Tanenhaus Robert M. Chapman 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1989,18(1):51-60
Evoked brain potentials were used to monitor moment-by-moment decisions during language comprehension. Subjects read sentences containing temporary syntactic ambiguities for which one of the possible interpretations was semantically implausible. The N400 component of the evoked potential, which is sensitive to implausibility, was used to discover when during a sentence subjects made a decision about the ambiguity. The results demonstrate that readers try to interpret a syntactic ambiguity early in a sentence rather than waiting for disambiguating information. This introduces a new way to use brain activity to study sentence comprehension processes. 相似文献
23.
Handedness of hypothetically psychosis-prone subjects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
24.
Increases in self-attention as a function of decreases in the relative size of one’s subgroup in a heterogeneous group context
have been shown to result in increased regulation of behavior toward social (normative) standards for behavior. The present
study demonstrated increased regulation of behavior toward a personal standard for behavior as a function of variations in
group composition. One hundred twenty-five subjects individually completed the Creativity subscale of Scott’s Personal Value
Scale assessing attitudes toward originality. They then completed a word-association task in groups ranging in size from 2
to 8. Originality of word-associations was determined by reference to previously established word-association norms and norms
based on frequency of responses given in the present study. Results indicate that originality in responses increase as the
relative size of one’s own subgroup decreases (indexing increases in self-attention) for subjects who value originality. Discussion
centers on the distinction between experimentally manipulated public and private self-attention and standards that are adopted
for behavioral self-regulation.
Portions of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April 1991. 相似文献
25.
Rodger Beehler 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1990,10(4):315-335
The essay examines the argument advanced by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., for instituting ‘cultural literacy’ as a fundamental priority of schools. A number of confusions and equivocations in Hirsch's reasoning are identified, and the propensity of his project to indoctrinate is exposed. Among the features of Hirsch's argument shown to be troubling are his shifting construal of ‘language’, his inconsistency about the requirements of cultural literacy, and his uncritical relation to traditional images of the American past and present. The upshot is to raise the question why Hirsch's project has elicited wide support and praise. 相似文献
26.
Lorraine G. Allan Shepard Siegel Chandani Kulatunga-Moruzi Thomas Eissenberg C. Andrew Chapman 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1997,59(8):1327-1334
In the typical induction of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (CCAE), the stimuli are composed of elements that differ in both color and luminance. Three experiments are reported that show that chromatic contrast between stimulus elements is insufficient for the induction of the orientation-CCAE and that luminance contrast is necessary. These experiments expand on previous research concerned with the role of luminance contrast in the induction of orientation-CCAEs by eliminating alternative explanations. 相似文献
27.
28.
Jörg R. J. Schirra 《Kognitionswissenschaft》1997,6(4):177-195
How can we explain that an assertion on something perceived can be understood in the same manner by somebody who cannot perceive that scene? This problem bases the interest in computational linguistics in how listener modeling could possibly be harmonized with reference semantics. Mental images substituting real perception appear as a way out. The architecture of the listener model has to be adapted to the creation and use of such pictorial data structures. Furthermore, the relation between the latter and a verbal (i. e., propositional) representation must be understood. The resulting architecture of a listener model with reference semantics can be employed to solve communicational problems from three general classes in a better way, as is demonstrated by an example implementation. 相似文献
29.
Terry D. Blumenthal Edward J. Schicatano Jeremy G. Chapman Christopher M. Norris Edward R. Ergenzinger 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1996,58(1):73-80
The present studies investigated the relationship between prepulse effects on the modification of the brainstem startle reflex and magnitude estimates of startle-eliciting stimuli. In Experiment 1, startle eyeblink responses were elicited in 24 students, half of whom were instructed to estimate the loudness of the startle stimulus (actual intensities of 80, 90, and 100 dB) and half of whom were instructed to estimate the magnitude of their eyeblink. When weak acoustic prepulses preceded the startle-eliciting stimulus, eyeblink amplitude was inhibited, and estimates of response magnitude decreased, but estimates of startle stimulus magnitude decreased only when 100-dB startle stimuli were presented. In Experiment 2, the same startle stimuli were preceded on some trials by a vibrotactile prepulse to the hand. In conditions in which startle amplitude was inhibited, startle stimulus magnitude estimates were not affected. This suggests that the effect of acoustic prepulses on 100-dB startle stimuli in Experiment 1 may have been due to loudness assimilation, an effect independent of the prepulse inhibition of startle responding. 相似文献
30.
R H Chapman J M Stern 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1978,92(6):1074-1083
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the demasculinizing and feminizing effects of prenatal stress (i.e., stress applied to the mother during pregnancy) in rats reported previously are mediated by activation of the maternal pituitary-adrenal axis. Neither whole-body restraint, with or without hyperthermia, nor ACTH treatment during the last third of gestation had any reliable effect on masculine or feminine sexual behavior in male Sprague-Dawley offspring, although these treatments produced maternal pathology and evidence of maternal adrenocorticoid release. Significant littermate similarity was found for almost every morphological and behavioral measure. Failure to control for the litter variable may account for many previously reported effects of prenatal stress on sexual behavior in rats. The discrepancy between the present and earlier findings is discussed in terms of methodological and theoretical considerations. 相似文献