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61.
Sam S Rakover 《Learning and motivation》1975,6(1):43-61
Fear thresholds were measured in four experiments by exposing rats to electric shock in order to determine the maximal intensity rats would tolerate rather than enter a fear-arousing box and/or stop freezing. Increasing fear raised these thresholds. They were greater for rats having to escape shock to a fear-arousing box than for rats having to escape shock and fear to a neutral box. The forgetting functions for the latter two groups differed: the first group yielded a monotonic decay function, whereas the second group yielded an inverted U-shaped function. These thresholds decreased as a function of an avoidance learning procedure. Rats that had to escape shock to a fear arousing box did not do so immediately, although they had stopped freezing. An avoidance-avoidance conflict explanation for immobility was not found to be valid. A theoretical formulation based on the following two hypotheses was suggested to explain these results: the fear-aroused freezing (immobility) is an unlearned response; finding a way to escape the source of fear starts another unlearned response, withdrawal. 相似文献
62.
Four brief, interpersonal coping courses were conducted in a junior high school setting for early adolescent students who volunteered for the experience. Two of the classes (N=24) consisted of students who regularly utilized school guidance personnel; the remaining two classes (N=19) consisted of adolescents from the general school population. Course objectives included higher self-esteem and increased ability to perceive, interpret, and express nonverbal communication and feeling. Session tape recordings provided verbal data for analysis by the Hill Interaction Matrix (HIM) procedure. Results showed that the intervention had significant impact on students' patterns of interaction: interactions were fewer, but longer; conventional interactions decreased, while speculative ones increased; and personal and relationship content increased. Generally, the two class types exhibited similar patterns and changes, although some specific differences were detected. Social class background, stressful life events, and the intensity of the problems experienced by the two types of student were postulated as the sources of this variability. When coupled with ancillary postcourse data, these results support the conclusion that students' interpersonal coping skills were improved by the experience. 相似文献
63.
A vacuum-tube constant-current shock source. providing ac, smooth dc, and pulsating dc output is described. In addition to output flexibility. the shock source is compact, inexpensive to construct. and has undergone 4 years of testing and laboratory use. Operating instructions, theory of operation, and suggested modifications are included along with performance specifications. 相似文献
64.
It was hypothesized that the population of pedophiles differs from that of males who prefer physically mature partners, in respect of the proportion of bisexual members in each group. Bisexuality was assessed by means of a verbal scale and by recording penile volume changes during the presentation of movie clips of nude males and females. Results supported the hypothesis.An earlier finding of a difference between pedophiles and males who prefer physically mature partners, in respect to feminine gender identity, was retested using the Feminine Gender Identity Scale (for males). It could be confirmed only for homosexual males and therefore cannot be accepted as a general difference between pedophiles and persons who prefer physically mature partners. 相似文献
65.
Sam Gould 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1980,16(1):73-82
Need for achievement and career mobility were measured for 111 Mexican-American college graduates. Those with a moderate need for achievement were found to have the highest upward mobility. Those with either a high or low need for achievement had lower mobility. The implications of this finding are discussed. 相似文献
66.
M. J. Lavin, B. Freise, and S. Coombes (Behavioral and Neural Biology, 1980, 28, 15–33) have shown that if two rats consume a flavored solution and one is poisoned, the unpoisoned partner will also exhibit a flavor aversion during a later preference test. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that a sufficient condition for obtaining this aversion is that the poisoned partner be present with the unpoisoned rat after it has consumed the flavored solution. It is not necessary that the poisoned partner be present when the flavored solution is consumed or indeed have had any exposure to the flavored solution. Experiment 3 showed that the unpoisoned partner can exhibit a flavor aversion when there is a temporal gap of as long as 6 hr between consumption of the flavored solution and exposure to the poisoned rat. 相似文献
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68.
Sam Kirschner 《Family process》1985,24(4):597-598
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