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911.
912.
It is often assumed that indeterminacy in mereological relations—in particular, indeterminacy in which collections of objects
have fusions—leads immediately to indeterminacy in what objects there are in the world. This assumption is generally taken
as a reason for rejecting mereological vagueness. The purpose of this paper is to examine the link between mereological vagueness
and existential vagueness. I hope to show that the connection between the two forms of vagueness is not nearly so clear-cut
as has been supposed. 相似文献
913.
Maria Caama?o 《Erkenntnis》2009,70(3):331-364
The incommensurability thesis, as introduced by T.S. Kuhn and P.K. Feyerabend, states that incommensurable theories are conceptually
incompatible theories which share a common domain of application. Such claim has often been regarded as incoherent, since
it has been understood that the determination of a common domain of application at least requires a certain degree of conceptual
compatibility between the theories. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the defense of the notion of local or gradual
incommensurability, as proposed by late Kuhn. The application of this notion would allow to render the incommensurability
thesis coherent. To support this view, a typical example of incommensurability will be formally analyzed by applying the structuralist
metatheory developed, among others by W. Balzer, C.U. Moulines and J.D. Sneed. The structural reconstruction of the relation
between the phlogiston theory and the oxygen theory offered here will reveal that they are locally incommensurable, and will
even make possible to determine the ontological reduction relation that they also exemplify.
相似文献
Maria Caama?oEmail: |
914.
María Dimitropoulou Jon Andoni Du?abeitia Panagiotis Blitsas Manuel Carreiras 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):584-589
The appropriate selection of both pictorial and linguistic experimental stimuli requires a previous languagespecific standardization
process of the materials across different variables. Considering that such normative data have not yet been collected for
Modern Greek, in this study normative data for the color version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set (Rossion & Pourtois,
2004) were collected from 330 native Greek adults. Participants named the pictures (providing name agreement ratings) and
rated them for visual complexity and age of acquisition. The obtained measures represent a useful tool for further research
on Greek language processing and constitute the first picture normative study for this language. The picture norms from this
study and previous ones may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
915.
916.
Bard KA 《Animal cognition》2007,10(2):233-242
Primate species differ in their imitative performance, perhaps reflecting differences in imitative capacity. The developmentally
earliest form of imitation in humans, neonatal imitation, occurs in early interactions with social partners, and may be a
more accurate index of innate capacity than imitation of actions on objects, which requires more cognitive ability. This study
assessed imitative capacity in five neonatal chimpanzees, within a narrow age range (7–15 days of age), by testing responses
to facial and vocal actions with two different test paradigms (structured and communicative). Imitation of mouth opening was
found in both paradigms. In the communicative paradigm, significant agreement was found between infant actions and demonstrations.
Additionally, chimpanzees matched the sequence of three actions of the TC model, but only on the second demonstration. Newborn
chimpanzees matched more modeled actions in the communicative test than in the structured paradigm. These performances of
chimpanzees, at birth, are in agreement with the literature, supporting a conclusion that imitative capacity is not unique
to the human species. Developmental histories must be more fully considered in the cross-species study of imitation, as there
is a greater degree of innate imitative capacity than previously known. Socialization practices interact with innate and developing
competencies to determine the outcome of imitation tests later in life. 相似文献
917.
Recent commentaries by Verheijde et al, Evans and Potts suggesting that donation after cardiac death practices routinely violate
the dead donor rule are based on flawed presumptions. Cell biology, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, critical care life support
technologies, donation and transplantation continue to inform concepts of life and death. The impact of oxygen deprivation
to cells, organs and the brain is discussed in relation to death as a biological transition. In the face of advancing organ
support and replacement technologies, the reversibility of cardiac arrest is now purely related to the context in which it
occurs, in association to the availability and application of support systems to maintain oxygenated circulation. The 'complete
and irreversible' lexicon commonly used in death discussions and legal statutes are ambiguous, indefinable and should be replaced
by accurate terms. Criticism of controlled DCD on the basis of violating the dead donor rule, where autoresuscitation has
not been described beyond 2 minutes, in which life support is withdrawn and CPR is not provided, is not valid. However, any
post mortem intervention that re-establishes brain blood flow should be prohibited. In comparison to traditional practice,
organ donation has forced the clarification of the diagnostic criteria for death and improved the rigour of the determinations. 相似文献
918.
Revisiting the Stanford prison experiment: could participant self-selection have led to the cruelty?
The authors investigated whether students who selectively volunteer for a study of prison life possess dispositions associated with behaving abusively. Students were recruited for a psychological study of prison life using a virtually identical newspaper ad as used in the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE; Haney, Banks & Zimbardo, 1973) or for a psychological study, an identical ad minus the words of prison life. Volunteers for the prison study scored significantly higher on measures of the abuse-related dispositions of aggressiveness, authoritarianism, Machiavellianism, narcissism, and social dominance and lower on empathy and altruism, two qualities inversely related to aggressive abuse. Although implications for the SPE remain a matter of conjecture, an interpretation in terms of person-situation interactionism rather than a strict situationist account is indicated by these findings. Implications for interpreting the abusiveness of American military guards at Abu Ghraib Prison also are discussed. 相似文献
919.
W Boucsein F Schaefer E N Sokolov C Schr?der J J Furedy 《Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science》2001,36(2):137-153
A framework for accounting for emotional phenomena proposed by Sokolov and Boucsein (2000) employs conceptual dimensions that parallel those of hue, brightness, and saturation in color vision. The approach that employs the concepts of emotional quality. intensity, and saturation has been supported by psychophysical emotional scaling data gathered from a few trained observers. We report cortical evoked potential data obtained during the change between different emotions expressed in schematic faces. Twenty-five subjects (13 male, 12 female) were presented with a positive, a negative, and a neutral computer-generated face with random interstimulus intervals in a within-subjects design, together with four meaningful and four meaningless control stimuli made up from the same elements. Frontal, central, parietal, and temporal ERPs were recorded from each hemisphere. Statistically significant outcomes in the P300 and N200 range support the potential fruitfulness of the proposed color-vision-model-based approach to human emotional space. 相似文献
920.
Sverker Sikstr?m 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2001,8(3):408-438
The mirror effect refers to a rather general empirical finding showing that, for two classes of stimuli, the class with the higher hit rates also has a lower false alarm rate. In this article, a parsimonious theory is proposed to account for the mirror effect regarding, specifically, high- and low-frequency items and the associated receiver-operating curves. The theory is implemented in a recurrent network in which one layer represents items and the other represents contexts. It is shown that the frequency mirror effect is found in this simple network if the decision is based on counting the number of active nodes in such a way that performance is optimal or near optimal. The optimal performance requires that the number of active nodes is low, only nodes active in the encoded representation are counted, the activation threshold is set between the old and the new distributions, and normalization is based on the variance of the input. Owing to the interference caused by encoding the to-be-recognized item in several preexperimental contexts, the variance of the input to the context layer is greater for highthan for low-frequency items, which yields lower hit rates and higher false alarm rates for high- than for low-frequency items. Although initially the theory was proposed to account for the mirror effect with respect to word frequency, subsequent simulations have shown that the theory also accounts for strength-based mirror effects within a list and between lists. In this case, consistent with experimental data, the variance theory suggests that focusing attention to the more difficult class within a list affects the hit rate, but not the false alarm rate and not the standard deviations of the underlying density, leading to no mirror effect. 相似文献