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291.
292.
John M. Malouff Sally E. Rooke Nicola S. Schutte 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2008,27(3):153-161
The heritability of human behavior can be estimated through studies comparing MZ and DZ twins and through adoption studies.
Meta-analyses have estimated the heritability of intelligence, mental chronometric performance, language ability, anxiety
disorders, major depression, antisocial behavior, problem drinking, and smoking. This article presents the aggregation and
analysis of these meta-analyses, which included a total of over four hundred samples. The results of the aggregation suggest
that about 41% of human behavior is genetically influenced, a percentage that may have evolutionary value. Some significant
moderators were found in more than one meta-analysis, including greater heritability (a) in more disordered levels of a behavior
for performance on a language-ability test, antisocial behavior, and smoking and (b) in females for antisocial behavior and
smoking initiation. The moderator findings raise questions about what might explain the identified differences in level of
heritability. 相似文献
293.
Kathleen Lynne Lane Sally M. Barton-Arwood J. Ron Nelson Joseph Wehby 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2008,17(1):43-62
This study describes the academic, social, and behavioral performance of elementary and secondary students with emotional
and behavioral disorders (EBD) receiving services in a self-contained school for students with serious behavior problems,
with an emphasis on how school adjustment and problem behavior patterns predict academic performance. Results revealed that
elementary and secondary group scores were well below the 25th percentile on reading, math, and written expression measures.
Further, a seven variable model representing academic, social, and behavioral domains was able to differentiate between age
groups explaining 54% of the variance and correctly classifying 78.26% (n = 18) of the elementary students and 84.21% (n = 16) of the secondary students. Findings also suggested that behavioral variables (e.g., school adjustment, externalizing,
and internalizing) were predictive of broad reading and broad written expression scores, with school adjustment (a protective
factor) accounting for the most variance in the three-variable model. Limitations and recommendations for future research
are addressed. 相似文献
294.
Emotion dysregulation is thought to be critical to the development of negative psychological outcomes. Gross (1998b) conceptualized the timing of regulation strategies as key to this relationship, with response-focused strategies, such as expressive suppression, as less effective and more detrimental compared to antecedent-focused ones, such as cognitive reappraisal. In the current study, we examined the relationship between reappraisal and expressive suppression and measures of psychopathology, particularly for stress-related reactions, in both undergraduate and trauma-exposed community samples of women. Generally, expressive suppression was associated with higher, and reappraisal with lower, self-reported stress-related symptoms. In particular, expressive suppression was associated with PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms in the trauma-exposed community sample, with rumination partially mediating this association. Finally, based on factor analysis, expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal appear to be independent constructs. Overall, expressive suppression, much more so than cognitive reappraisal, may play an important role in the experience of stress-related symptoms. Further, given their independence, there are potentially relevant clinical implications, as interventions that shift one of these emotion regulation strategies may not lead to changes in the other. 相似文献
295.
Sally A. Carless Geoff P. Roberts‐Thompson 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2001,9(3):217-225
The level of agreement (mean differences and correlations) between self, peer and training staff ratings were examined in this study. The sample consisted of 545 participants who were undertaking a Royal Australian Airforce officer training program. Consistent with previous research there was strong agreement between training staff and peers and weak agreement between self‐ratings and ratings by others (training staff and peers). Accuracy of ratings was examined by (a) comparing the mean ratings of outstanding, average and below‐average performers; and (b) correlating difference scores with a measure of performance. The findings showed that below‐average performers have a less accurate view of themselves compared to outstanding performers. Finally, we examined the effects of negative feedback on self‐perceptions. The analyses indicated that after receiving negative feedback, average performers adjusted their self‐ratings. Various explanations were proposed together with practical implications for training. 相似文献
296.
Sally A. Carless Alexander J. Wearing Leon Mann 《Journal of business and psychology》2000,14(3):389-405
This study reports the development of a short measure of transformational leadership: the Global Transformational Leadership scale (GTL). The study sample was 1,440 subordinates who assessed the leader behaviour of 695 branch managers in a large Australian financial organisation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the GTL measured a single construct of leadership and had satisfactory reliability. Evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity is presented. We conclude that the GTL has a number of potential uses as an assessment and selection tool and in leadership research. 相似文献
297.
Selective Association Between Tetris Game Play and Visuospatial Working Memory: A Preliminary Investigation
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Alex Lau‐Zhu Emily A. Holmes Sally Butterfield Joni Holmes 《Applied cognitive psychology》2017,31(4):438-445
Recent experimental and clinical research has suggested that Tetris game play can disrupt maladaptive forms of mental imagery because Tetris competes for limited cognitive resources within visuospatial working memory (WM) that contribute to imagery. Whether or not Tetris performance is selectively associated with visuospatial WM remains to be tested. In this study, young adults (N = 46) completed six standardized measures indexing verbal and non‐verbal reasoning, verbal and visuospatial short‐term memory, and verbal and visuospatial WM. They also played Tetris. Consistent with the hypothesis that visuospatial WM resources support Tetris game play, there was a significant moderate positive relationship between Tetris scores and visuospatial WM performance but no association with other cognitive ability measures. Findings suggest that Tetris game play involves both storage and processing resources within visuospatial WM. These preliminary results can inform interventions involving computer games to disrupt the development of maladaptive visual imagery, for example, intrusive memories of trauma. © 2017 The Authors. Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
298.
Millicent F. Nelson Matrecia S. L. James Angela Miles Sally Sledge 《Ethics & behavior》2017,27(5):385-400
The majority of traditional students enrolled at most colleges and universities are a part of what has been termed the Millennial Generation, also known as Generation Y, which typically describes the group of individuals born in most of the 1980s and 1990s. This cohort’s life has been shaped by corporate scandals, economic instability, and worldwide tragedies. Concurrently, business ethics has become a popular topic in the news within the last 2 decades due to the increase in the number of high-profile business scandals. Unfortunately, this trend has also been accompanied by an increased number of reported incidents of academic dishonesty at many major universities. Two underresearched factors that may be related to academic dishonesty and cheating behavior are religiosity and spirituality. This article attempts to shed more light on the relationship between religious beliefs and unethical behavior, with a focus on millennial college students. It is posited that religiosity and spirituality influence an individual’s attitudes, views, decisions, and ultimately behaviors. The results of this study indicate that religiosity but not spirituality is a predictor of students’ attitudes toward cheating and cheating behavior. 相似文献
299.
Although CBT for psychosis (CBTp) has been recommended as a best practice since 2002, CBTp’s availability is quite limited in the U.S. Integration of CBTp-informed interventions into the milieu of the treatment settings in which the majority of the 2.4 million Americans with psychosis receive treatment may greatly improve access to those services. This paper presents an evidence-based model for training line staff in CBTp principles, in order that more staff throughout the U.S. might better support the recovery of people with psychosis in this way. Examples are provided to illustrate effective strategies and approaches. 相似文献
300.