医疗安全问题经济后果及构成因素

医疗安全问题导致了严重的经济后果.本文分别从个人、医院、社会三个方面详细阐述了住院病人医疗安全经济后果的构成因素,以及国内外关于医疗安全经济后果的研究现状和研究进展,提出我国的医院管理中致力于医疗安全研究的必要性.     

不同年龄患者左旋布比卡因硬膜外麻醉药效学和安全性

探讨不同年龄患者左旋布比卡因硬膜外麻醉的药效学和安全性.60例行下肢手术患者,按年龄分为三组,每组20例.左旋布比卡因用量1.8mg·kg-1.观察并记录注药后感觉及运动阻滞情况、评价麻醉效果、监测麻醉期间血流动力学和心电图变化及不良反应发生情况.结果是最大感觉阻滞平面I组高于Ⅲ组.感觉及运动阻滞维持时间I组均长于Ⅲ组(P<0.05);三组麻醉优良率均达100%;麻醉期间血流动力学变化均较稳定;不良反应发生率均较低.结论为不同年龄惠者0.75%左旋布比卡因硬膜外麻醉安全有效,年龄对其药效学有明显影响.     

Female Suicide Rates in Ghizer,Pakistan

Suicide is an understudied subject in Pakistan. There are many social, legal, and religious sanctions against it. National rates of suicides are not known. We calculated suicide rates of women in the Ghizer District of the remote Northern Areas of Pakistan. During years 2000 to 2004, 49 women committed suicide. Taking average mean population for women for 5 years as 65,783, we calculated annual crude suicide rates for women as 14.89/100,000/year. For women over the age of 15 years, rates were 33.22/100,000/year; age‐specific rates for 15–24 years were 61.07/100,000 per year. These figures are considerably higher than suicide rates in other parts of Pakistan and may be related to high psychiatric morbidity in Pakistani women. This study underscores the need for a standardized system of registration of suicides in Pakistan. There is also urgent need to address high psychological distress in women in Pakistan.     

Identifying young people's guidance needs through telephone counseling.

This study examined the needs that young people in Guadalajara, in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, expressed in phone calls to a research unit of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Three hundred forty-five calls, from individuals 11 to 24 years old who phoned from June 1995 to November 1998, were analyzed. Two hundred ninety-four of the callers were female and 51 were male. Greater percentages of females than males called to ask about sexuality and family problems. Males more than females asked about reproductive health (particularly pregnancy) and mental health. There were significant differences by gender and age, differences that were not detected in health service statistics. The findings have implications for decision makers and health and education service providers. They point to the need for programs that will reinforce young people's good health practices and help them avoid risky behaviors.     

信息时代的组织范式：内部市场

1990年以来 ,一种被誉为信息时代的组织范式 ,即所谓的自由企业范式 ,受到了学术界和企业界的很大重视。自由企业范式强调非集中化管理体制 ,灵活的组织内部关系 ,以及内部市场式的经营模式。本文描述了这种组织范式的理论基础及其应用原则 ,并对其在西方国家的应用及对我国的意义作了探讨。     

Personality and health‐protective behaviour

Over the last decades much research has been devoted to the analysis of psychosocial factors associated with the development of health problems. However, less attention has been paid to mechanisms explaining why people keep engaging in risky behaviours and do not develop, instead, those habits that could increase their quality of life. To answer these questions, two lines of research have been followed: the main hypothesis of the first line is that there are personality characteristics that predispose the development of certain patterns of behaviour. The second line is focused on the analysis of the psychological processes that, together with situational factors, explain what behaviour is initiated and how it is maintained or changed. The main purpose of this paper is to review these two lines of research: what their main contributions are and what the problems they face are. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Human values and ideological beliefs as predictors of attitudes toward immigrants across 20 countries: The country-level moderating role of threat

Immigration is a worldwide subject of interest, and studies about attitudes toward immigrants have been frequent due to immigration crises in different locations across the globe. We aimed at understanding individual-level effects of human values and ideological beliefs (Right-Wing Authoritarianism—RWA, and Social Dominance Orientation—SDO) on attitudes toward immigrants, and whether country-level variables (perception of Islamic fundamentalism as a threat, perception of immigrants as a threat, and international migrant stock) moderate these relations. With representative samples from 20 countries (N = 21,362; the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Oceania), and using Multilevel Bayesian regressions, results showed the negative effect of RWA, SDO, and existence values on attitudes toward immigrants, and the positive effects of suprapersonal and interactive values. Cross-level interactions indicated that the effects of RWA, SDO, and suprapersonal and existence values were intensified in countries with societally high levels of perceiving Islamic fundamentalism as a threat. International migrant stock served as a country-level moderator for the effects of SDO and RWA only. When country-level moderators were included simultaneously, Islamic fundamentalism as a threat was the most consistent moderator. Framing theory is offered as a plausible explanation of these results.     

期望与绩效的关系:调节定向的调节作用

经典动机理论认为高期望能提高绩效水平,本研究结合调节定向理论进一步回答这种效应"何时"存在或"如何"产生的问题。研究1通过测量期望水平、并用任务框架操作调节定向,检验了情景启动的调节定向对期望与行为间关系的影响;研究2采取更严格的被试内设计通过任务难度操作期望,考察了作为个体长期差异的调节定向的作用。结果表明:①调节定向调节成功期望与绩效之间的关系:对于促进定向,成功期望与绩效正相关;对于预防定向,期望与绩效相关不显著。②动机可以部分解释调节定向与期望的交互作用机制:高水平的成功期望会提高促进定向个体的动机强度,进而产生高的绩效结果;其对预防定向个体的动机强度的影响不显著。     

重读《中庸》——关于性情道诚和中节诸问题的若干思考

郭店战国简书《性自命出》等儒家早期著作的发现,使我们获得了对于早期儒家思想发展情况的新认识。将《性自命出》的思想内容与《中庸》这部儒家的形上学著作进行沟通解读,我们可以发现,《中庸》包含了一些重要的性情思想方面的论题,这主要表现在性、情、道、诚、和、中节等问题上的思考上。这些伦理思想与哲学思考构成了早期儒学发展史上的重要一环。