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981.
982.
Performance feedback (also known as knowledge of results or KR) has both performance and learning effects on many tasks. Earlier studies have demonstrated performance but not learning effects on time perception tasks. In this experiment, we dissociate and identify these two phenomena on two different time perception tasks. Participants were presented with either accurate (100%) or erroneous (80% or 120% of actual performance) KR on either a reproduction or a numerical estimation time perception task. Accurate (100%) KR reduced the group variability and increased the accuracy of response magnitude but left individual variability unchanged. Erroneous (80% or 120%) KR also reduced the group variability while leaving individual variation unchanged, but decreased the true accuracy of the response, with response magnitudes increasing for the 80% KR group and decreasing for the 120% group. Thus external KR that is in conflict with internal time cues overrides these internal cues and dictates response magnitude on these two tasks. Thus KR provides guidance for these behaviors. KR did not reduce the variability (dispersion) of participants' responses, but centered each participant's responses closer to the targeted performance. This decreased group response variability reflected a performance enhancing effect of KR because group response variability increased after KR was withdrawn. In contrast, response magnitudes remained changed for the duration of the post-KR period, indicating that KR also induced a learned response. Thus individual response variability, group response variability and response magnitude represent dissociable features of performance on these time perception tasks. 相似文献
983.
Neutralizing substitutes for leadership theory: leadership effects and common-source bias 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of this research was to examine alternative models of substitutes for leadership theory given the general lack of empirical support for the moderating effects postulated by the theory. On this basis, the research posited that the effects of substitutes also could be conceptualized as mediated relations. The research examined moderated and mediated relations for several sets of leader behaviors and substitutes that have been examined in the literature. The research design sampled 49 organizations, with 940 subordinates rating 156 leaders. Results, although generally not supportive of the moderator or mediator hypotheses, essentially demonstrated that leadership matters. The findings also suggest that prior significant effects in substitutes literature may be merely a statistical artifact, resulting from common-source bias. 相似文献
984.
Messé LA Hertel G Kerr NL Lount RB Park ES 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2002,82(6):935-946
O. K?hler (1926, 1927) found that less able performers tried harder as team members under conjunctive task demands (Kohler motivation gain effect) and that the greatest gain occurred with moderately discrepant coworker abilities (K?hler discrepancy effect). Recent investigations have reproduced K?hler's overall motivation gain but not the discrepancy effect. The present research examined whether workers' foreknowledge of task abilities--present in Kohler's research, absent in contemporary studies--moderates the discrepancy effect. Participants worked alone or in 2-person teams under conjunctive task demands. Experiment 1 manipulated foreknowledge of ability. Experiment 2 manipulated discrepancy: a (confederate) teammate performed slightly, moderately, or substantially better. Both experiments found (a) overall motivation gains and (b) discrepancy moderation under foreknowledge conditions. Implications for understanding group motivation gains are discussed. 相似文献
985.
Auditory frequency-based inhibition differs from spatial IOR 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Uninformative auditory frequency cues have a facilitatory effect on reaction time and accuracy of detection and intensity discrimination of target tones for cue-target intervals of up to 3 sec (Green & McKeown, 2001; Ward, 1997). Under some conditions, however, this facilitatory effect can reverse to an inhibitory effect at cue-target intervals longer than 450 msec (Mondor, Breau, & Milliken, 1998). Thepresent work demonstrates that such inhibitory effects are not found in target-target experiments (Experiment 1) or in cue-target experiments requiring a go-no-go discrimination of the target (Experiment 2), whereas they do appear in the paradigm used by Mondor et al. (1998, Experiment 3), albeit unaffected by the similarity of cue and target. Thus, the frequency-based inhibitory effects sometimes found in auditory cuing tasks can be distinguished empirically from those characterizing spatial inhibition of return (IOR), which are found in both target-target and go-no-go cue-target paradigms. The present work and functional and neurophysiological arguments all support the position that different mechanisms underlie spatial IOR and the inhibitory effects sometimes found in auditory frequency processing. 相似文献
986.
Drea CM Vignieri SN Kim HS Weldele ML Glickman SE 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2002,116(4):342-349
Scent marking in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) includes the deposition of anal sac secretions, or "paste," and presumably advertises territorial ownership. To test whether captive hyenas classify and discriminate individuals using odor cues in paste, the authors conducted behavioral discrimination bioassays and recorded hyena investigation of paste extracted from various conspecific donors. In Experiment 1, subjects directed most investigative behavior toward scents from unfamiliar hyenas and members of the opposite sex. In Experiment 2, male hyenas discriminated between concurrent presentations of paste from various unfamiliar females in similar reproductive states. Thus, pasted scent marks convey information about the sex, familiarity, and even identity of conspecifics. Aside from territory maintenance, scent marking may also communicate information about individual sexual status. 相似文献
987.
Sanna LJ Schwarz N Stocker SL 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(3):497-502
Two studies demonstrated that attempts to debias hindsight by thinking about alternative outcomes may backfire and traced this to the influence of subjective accessibility experiences. Participants listed either few (2) or many (10) thoughts about how an event might have turned out otherwise. Listing many counterfactual thoughts was experienced as difficult and consistently increased the hindsight bias, presumably because the experienced difficulty suggested that there were not many ways in which the event might have turned out otherwise. No significant hindsight effects were obtained when participants listed only a few counterfactual thoughts, a task subjectively experienced as easy. The interplay of accessible content and subjective accessibility experiences in the hindsight bias is discussed. 相似文献
988.
Researchers surveyed the psychological well-being of 795 women of reproductive age from Menoufiya, Egypt. Five years earlier, these women had provided data relevant to their family planning behavior. This analysis links these data sets to investigate the impact of family planning on women's sense of well-being, within the context of beliefs about appropriate gender-related behaviors. Well-being measures are derived for trait and state dimensions. Use of family planning and number of children born within the preceding 5 years predicted state ratings of happiness, and number of children predicted anxious pride. Neither are related to any of the trait ratings. Further, 3 different gender-role attitudes are vital to the explanation of how women define and feel good about themselves. 相似文献
989.
Facets of dynamic positive affect: differentiating joy, interest, and activation in the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Egloff B Schmukle SC Burns LR Kohlmann CW Hock M 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2003,85(3):528-540
This article proposes the differentiation of Joy, Interest, and Activation in the Positive Affect (PA) scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; D. Watson, L. A. Clark, & A. Tellegen, 1988). Study 1 analyzed the dynamic course of PA before, during, and after an exam and established the differentiation of the three facets. Study 2 used a multistate-multitrait analysis to confirm this structure. Studies 3-5 used success-failure experiences, speaking tasks, and feedback of exam results to further examine PA facets in affect-arousing settings. All studies provide convincing evidence for the benefit of differentiating three facets of PA in the PANAS: Joy, Interest, and Activation do have distinct and sometimes even opposite courses that make their separation meaningful and rewarding. 相似文献
990.
Six location-cuing experiments were conducted to examine the goal-driven control of attentional capture in multiple-cue displays. In most of the experiments, the cue display consisted of the simultaneous presentation of a red direct cue that was highly predictive of the target location (the unique cue) and three gray direct cues (the standard cues) that were not predictive of the location. The results indicated that although target responses were faster at all cued locations relative to uncued locations, they were significantly faster at the unique-cue location than at the standard-cue locations. Other results suggest that the faster responses produced by direct cues may be associated with two different components: an attention-related component that can be modulated by goal-driven factors and a nonattentional component that occurs in parallel at multiple direct-cue locations and is minimally affected by the same goal-driven factors. 相似文献