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841.
C. Tronche C. Piérard M. Coutan F. Chauveau P. Liscia D. Béracochéa 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,93(3):343-351
The present study investigates the relationships between hippocampal corticosterone concentrations and memory retrieval performance in stress and non-stress conditions, in both young (6 month-old) and middle-aged (16 month-old) mice. For this purpose, the time-course evolution of stress-induced corticosterone rise in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) was investigated in both young and middle-aged mice. In parallel, the evolution of memory retrieval patterns was assessed using a contextual serial discrimination task (CSD). Finally, metyrapone (corticosterone synthesis inhibitor) was administered in order to evaluate the stress-induced impact of corticosterone rise on contextual memory retrieval in middle-aged animals.Results showed that: (i) non-stressed middle-aged mice exhibited a memory retrieval pattern opposite to that of non-stressed young animals, but similar to that of stressed young mice; (ii) the impact of stress on memory performance was transient (90 min) in young, as compared to middle-aged mice (120 min); (iii) dHPC basal (non-stress) corticosterone level was significantly increased by ageing; (iv) acute stress induced a rapid (15 min) and transient (90 min) dHPC corticosterone rise in young mice, while exhibiting greater magnitude and duration (120 min) in middle-aged animals; and (v) both the stress-induced endocrinal and memory effects were blocked by metyrapone in young and middle-aged mice.Finally, to our knowledge, the present work is the first study to directly measure the corticosterone rise in the hippocampus following exposure to stress and to directly correlate the corticosterone changes in the hippocampus with memory performance in both young and middle-aged mice. 相似文献
842.
Liliana Purón-Sierra Elizabeth Sabath Luis Nuñez-Jaramillo María Isabel Miranda 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,93(2):216-220
Recent research, using several experimental models, demonstrated that the histaminergic system is clearly involved in memory formation. This evidence suggested that during different associative learning tasks, histamine receptor subtypes have opposite functions, related to the regulation of cortical cholinergic activity. Given that cortical cholinergic activity and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) integrity are needed during taste memory formation, the aim of this study was to determine the role of histamine receptors during conditioned taste aversion (CTA). We evaluated the effects of bilateral infusions of 0.5 μl of pyrilamine (100 mM), an H1 receptor antagonist, into the NBM, or of R-α-methylhistamine (RAMH) (10 mM), an H3 receptor agonist, into the insular cortex of male Sprague-Dawley rats 20 min before acquisition and/or retrieval of conditioned taste aversion. The results showed that blockade of H1 receptors in NBM or activation of H3 receptors in the insular cortex impairs formation but not retrieval of aversive taste memory. These results demonstrated differential roles for histamine receptors in two important areas for taste memory formation and suggest that these effects could be related with the cortical cholinergic activity modulation during CTA acquisition. 相似文献
843.
Adolfo García de la Sienra 《Axiomathes》2010,20(1):81-94
Herman Dooyeweerd (1985) argued that among the modalities making up the fabric of reality a specifically economic one is to be found. The aim of
the present paper is to discuss the texture of such a modality and how it both differentiates and intertwines with others.
For an updated brief, albeit cogent and analytically lucid presentation of the Law Framework ontology, see Clouser (2009). Dooyeweerd’s view entails that the proper object of economics is irreducible to that of other disciplines, but a non-reductionist
view of the object of economics presupposes that the nuclear meaning of that discipline has been clearly delimited: this is
required in order to determine its nature and separate identity as a scientific discipline. By ‘the nuclear meaning of a discipline’
I understand a pre-theoretical delimitation of its field of research, such as that of the field of physics, characterized
by the laws governing force and energy. Within one and the same field there may be many theories, theories competing to explain
the same phenomena, or dealing with phenomena so different that it is nearly impossible to trace conceptual connections among
them. This last situation calls for a unified-field theory. In the second section of this paper I will attempt to defend a
rather commonly accepted definition of the field of economics that sees this discipline as a science of choice. In the third
I will show how the analytical conception it involves can be naturally complemented with a classificatory one. According to
a classificatory conception, the aggregated social-level phenomena, patterns and regularities economic theories usually deal
with, are economic in that sense, even though they are not prima facie cases of individual behavior, or are unintended consequences of aggregated individual choices. In the fourth I will discuss
the meaning of the most general, supra-arbitrary economic laws—the modal laws of economics. In the final section I will offer
a non-reductionist view of economics that nevertheless takes into account its intertwining with other spheres. 相似文献
844.
López-Goñi JJ Fernández-Montalvo J Menéndez JC Yudego F García AR Esarte S 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2010,13(2):906-913
The pre-post treatment change of 112 patients in two therapeutics Spanish communities is described. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was used at intake and at the end of the treatment program. Results of the treatment program were evaluated by applying composite scores (CS) of the ASI, and the evolution of each patient was evaluated using the Reliable Change Index (RCI). 69.7% of the sample completed treatment, and 30.3% dropped out prematurely. At intake, the percentage of people who could improve in the different areas of the ASI ranged between 35.1% for alcohol consumption and 95.3% for family relationships. At the follow-up, the percentage of subjects who showed significant statistical improvements in the different areas varied between 7.9% in family relations and 66.7% in alcohol consumption. The percentage of patients who deteriorated was less than 10% for all variables. Implications for further research and clinical practice are commented upon. 相似文献
845.
The decline of cooperation,the rise of competition: developmental effects of long‐term social change in Mexico
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Camilo García Natanael Rivera Patricia M. Greenfield 《International journal of psychology》2015,50(1):6-11
Using Greenfield's theory of sociocultural change and human development as a point of departure, we carried out two experimental studies exploring the implications of decades of globalised social change in Mexico for children's development of cooperation and competition. In rural San Vicente, Baja California, the baseline was 1970 and the historical comparison took place 40 years later. In Veracruz, the baseline was 1985 and the historical comparison took place 20 years later. In Veracruz, children were tested in both rural and urban settings. We hypothesized that cooperative behavior would decrease in all three settings as a result of the sociocultural transformations of the past decades in Mexico. The Madsen Marble Pull Game was used to assess cooperative and competitive behavior. As predicted by Greenfield's theory of social change and human development, the Marble Pull procedure revealed a striking decrease over time in levels of cooperative behavior, with a corresponding rise in competitive behavior, in all three settings. 相似文献
846.
How contact shapes implicit and explicit preferences: attitudes toward Roma children in inclusive and non‐inclusive environment
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![点击此处可从《Journal of applied social psychology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
In two studies, the authors examined the effects of intergroup contact in inclusive and non‐inclusive environments on children's explicit and implicit prejudices. In both studies, supervised contact with Roma peers, instructed by inclusive program, led to a more positive explicit evaluation of Roma and less social distance, while it had no significant impact on implicit attitudes. In contrast, implicit attitudes were related to mere exposure to Roma (Study 2). Intergroup anxiety and self‐disclosure mediated the effect of inclusiveness level on explicit, but not on implicit attitudes. The results indicate that two types of attitudes might be formed via different routes, and that mere exposure and supervised contact influence them differently. This information could help tailor future prejudice reduction programs. 相似文献
847.
848.
Studies on the factors that determine word naming speed have been conducted in a number of languages. In this study two objectives were pursued: (1) to contrast the effects of the variable of age of acquisition with the different measures of frequency of use (adult written frequency, child written frequency, cumulative frequency, and frequency trajectory), and (2) to verify which variables determine reading latencies in a language with a completely transparent reading system (Spanish). For these purposes, 53 native speakers of Spanish read aloud 240 words for which values were available of the main lexical, phonological, and semantic variables. The results of the regression analyses showed that the best predictors of reading times were length (measured in terms of both number of letters and number of syllables) and subjective age of acquisition (AoA). The different frequency measures correlated significantly with the response latencies but were not longer significant in the regression analyses. Semantic variables (familiarity and imageability) had the smallest effects on reading speed. The comparison of the results obtained in this study with those reported for other languages offers some conclusions about the effects of orthographic systems on word naming. 相似文献
849.
David Cantón-Cortés María Rosario Cortés José Cantón Fernando Justicia 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(4):451-461
Abstract The present study examined the relationship between feelings provoked by child sexual abuse (CSA) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom scores in a sample of 163 female survivors of CSA. Finkelhor and Browne's traumagenic dynamics model was applied. The interactive effects of provoked feelings with perpetrator age and the existence of abuse disclosure were also studied. Results showed an overall relationship between feelings provoked by CSA and PTSD symptom scores. Feelings of stigma, betrayal, and powerlessness as a result of CSA were associated with PTSD symptom score when the entire group of CSA victims was analyzed. The role of traumatic sexualization was relevant only when analyzed in interaction with the age of the perpetrator and disclosure. The relationship between traumatic sexualization and PTSD symptom scores was only significant when the abuse was committed by an adult perpetrator and when a disclosure was made during the time of abuse, or a short time after the abuse had occurred. 相似文献
850.