高阶项目反应模型的发展与应用

在测量具有层阶结构的潜质时, 标准项目反应模型对项目参数估计和能力参数估计都具有较低的效率, 多维项目反应模型虽然在估计第一阶潜质时具有高效性, 但没有考虑到潜质层阶的情况, 所以它不适合用来处理具有层阶结构的潜质; 而高阶项目反应模型在处理这种具有层阶结构的潜质时, 不仅能够高效准确地对项目参数和能力参数进行估计, 而且还能同时获得高阶潜质与低阶潜质。目前存在的高阶项目反应模型有高阶DINA模型、高阶双参数正态肩型层阶模型、高阶逻辑斯蒂模型、多级评分的高阶项目反应模型和高阶题组模型。未来对高阶项目反应模型的研究方向应注意多水平高阶项目反应模型、项目内多维情况下的高阶项目反应模型以及高阶认知诊断模型。     

Four semantic layers of common nouns

This article proposes a four-layer semantic structure for common nouns. Each layer matches up with a semantic entity of a certain type in Montague’s intensional semantics. It is argued that a common noun denotes a sense and a concept, which are functions. For any given context, the sense of a term determines its extensions and the concept denoted by the term specifies its intensions. Intensions are treated as sets of senses. The membership relation between a sense and an intension is a soft kind and is expressed in the form of a generic sentence. Such a layered structure explains various “degrees of publicity” of a language. The result we present clarifies the confusions existing in the ordinary understanding of “sense,” “intension,” and “concept.” It also has promising applications in interpreting metaphors and revealing the relationship between generics and metaphors.     

The relationship of clients’ social class to early therapeutic impressions

Using case vignettes that differed in the presentation of the client's social class, the influence of social class on therapeutic impressions was studied in the context of just-world beliefs. Results suggested that (1) participants with higher levels of belief in a just world saw poor and working-class clients as more unpleasant to work with and more dysfunctional and (2) working-class vignettes were associated with the lowest predictions of session depth and smoothness. The findings suggest that counselors may respond differently to clients based on their social class, and in a way that negatively predisposes them toward work with poor and working-class clients.     

多维计算机化自适应测验中项目曝光控制选题策略的比较

在MCAT中考查四种项目选择指标在有无曝光控制条件下的选题表现。项目选择指标分别是:(1)贝叶斯的D优化方法(D-optimality)、后验期望Kullback-Leibler方法(KLP)、基于等权重复合分数的最小误差方差方法(the minimized error variance of the linear combination score with equal weight,V1)和基于最优权重复合分数的最小误差方差方法(the minimized error variance of the composite score with optimized weight,V2)。将针对认知诊断CAT项目曝光控制的的限制阈值方法(Restrictive Threshold,RT)和限制进度(Restrictive Progressive,RPG)方法、单维CAT中的最大优先指标方法(Maximum Priority Index,MPI)推广到MCAT。模拟研究表明:(1)KLP,D-优化和V1对领域分数估计准确,能力返真性比V2更好。(2)尽管V1和V2方法相比KLP和D-优化方法提高了题库利用率,但这四种选题指标都产生不均匀的项目曝光率分布。(2)三种曝光控制策略都极大地提高项目曝光均匀性,且不明显降低测量精度。(3)MPI与RPG方法在曝光控制方面表现类似,且比RT的方法表现更好。     

对心理学本土化"本土性契合"问题的思考

心理学本土化是一个方兴未艾的话题,本文重点讨论了杨国枢提出的心理学本土化的“本土性契合”判准的含义,并举出两个引例对此一判准进行说明和解释,最后提出了对心理学本土化及“本土性契合”的几点思考,指出心理学本土化应该研究不断运动变化的人们的思维和行为模式,并对心理学本土化研究的具体方向和途径提出了看法。     

试析康德伦理思想的起点及其现代价值

自由、主体、实践理性、善良意志、意志自律以至"绝对命令",在康德那里是相通的概念.正是独立于客体的主体概念奠定了道德的基础.在康德纯粹理性所划分的学科体系中,道德形而上学是作为伦理学的纯粹部分而存在的,它关注的是人的终极目的,涉及的是人的全部使命,体现的是人的高贵和尊严.所以它是优越于人类理性的任何其他追求的,而其他学科都是要为这个最高目的服务的.这是整个康德伦理思想的起点.康德伦理思想注意到了人生、人的理性的双层追求,力图将它们统一于整个先验哲学之中.     

What can I gain as a mentor? The effect of mentoring on the job performance and social status of mentors in China

In this study, we examine how mentoring benefits mentors as well as how team cohesiveness affects mentoring relationships and resulting benefits. We followed 512 formal mentors in a Chinese manufacturing firm for six months and collected data in three phases and from three sources. The findings reveal that the amount of mentoring provided is positively related to mentors' in‐role job performance and social status. These relationships were fully mediated by mentors' personal learning and social interaction quality, respectively. Team cohesiveness, however, did not moderate these relationships. Our empirical findings have implications for understanding how mentors' careers can benefit from being a mentor.     

《圣经》的生态思想

<圣经>认为宇宙万物和人类是上帝创造的,上帝创造的世界是美丽、有序、和谐的;人是自然的一部分,自然是人类赖以生存的基础;世界万物都有其存在的价值,人负有管理万物的责任;人与自然关系的不和谐是人类犯罪的结果,"原罪"引发了最初的生态危机;耶稣基督救赎的范围包括自然界;<圣经>以恢复人与神的正常关系为中心,人与自然的和谐关系以此为基础.     

Rubber hand illusion, empathy, and schizotypal experiences in terms of self-other representations

When participants observed a rubber hand being touched, their sense of touch was activated (rubber hand illusion: RHI). While this illusion might be caused by multi-modal integration, it may also be related to empathic function, which enables us to simulate the observed information. We examined individual differences in the RHI, including empathic and schizotypal personality traits, as previous research had suggested that schizophrenic patients would be more subject to the RHI. The results indicated that people who experience a stronger RHI might have stronger empathic and schizotypal personalites simultaneously. We discussed these relationships in terms of self-other representations.     

心智游移：现象、机制及意义

心智游移是一种常见的非自主内源性意识体验, 是意识流的重要组成部分, 它的存在提示非感官意识在人类意识经验中的重要地位, 以及持续进行的无意识加工对个体生存可能具有的重要意义, 对心智游移的研究是心理学和认知神经科学领域内新兴的热点课题。本文重点回顾了关于心智游移的体验内容、与情绪的关系及其相关神经活动方面的研究成果, 在此基础上探讨了心智游移的发生机制及适应性功能。文章最后总结了目前心智游移研究中存在的定义不清、研究策略和方法过于局限以及研究内容上存在的问题, 并提出了该领域未来的研究方向以及应用价值。