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71.
在测量具有层阶结构的潜质时, 标准项目反应模型对项目参数估计和能力参数估计都具有较低的效率, 多维项目反应模型虽然在估计第一阶潜质时具有高效性, 但没有考虑到潜质层阶的情况, 所以它不适合用来处理具有层阶结构的潜质; 而高阶项目反应模型在处理这种具有层阶结构的潜质时, 不仅能够高效准确地对项目参数和能力参数进行估计, 而且还能同时获得高阶潜质与低阶潜质。目前存在的高阶项目反应模型有高阶DINA模型、高阶双参数正态肩型层阶模型、高阶逻辑斯蒂模型、多级评分的高阶项目反应模型和高阶题组模型。未来对高阶项目反应模型的研究方向应注意多水平高阶项目反应模型、项目内多维情况下的高阶项目反应模型以及高阶认知诊断模型。  相似文献   
72.
独生子与非独生子在入园适应方面的比较研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
茅于燕 《心理学报》1984,17(3):13-22
本研究有六个小班的96名三岁至四岁半的儿童参加,其中48名为非独生子,48名为本班的配对独生子。使用的方法为观察与问卷。结果表明:三至四岁半的独生子与非独生子入幼儿园第一个月的适应行为无显著差异。报告也讨论了影响入园困难的因素,研究入园问题的良好指标以及有效的教学措施等。  相似文献   
73.
    
Individualism is a fundamental value to U.S. culture and democracy. We differentiate the horizontal from vertical dimension of individualism to predict voting in the 2004 presidential election. Horizontal individualism (HI) values equality and uniqueness, whereas vertical individualism (VI) values competition and achievement. In line with the value-expressive function of attitudes and voter–politician congruency principles, we show how and when HI and VI affect voters' attitudes and voting. A pilot study revealed that VI correlated with vote; those who scored higher on VI were more likely to vote for Bush. Study 1 replicated these findings with a broader sample and a regression approach. The influence of individualism was less predictive than VI in both studies. In Study 2, we proposed that the effect of VI and HI values on voting decisions is mediated by political conservatism, which in turn predicts voters' trait assessment of candidates and voting decision. Path analysis of the data from a national survey supported our expectation among respondents with high political involvement, the context in which value-expressive attitudes are more pronounced. Taken together, these studies advance our theoretical understanding of HI, VI, and individualism, as well as the process underlying the effect of values on decisions.  相似文献   
74.
Beihai Zhou  Yi Mao 《Synthese》2010,175(1):47-68
This article proposes a four-layer semantic structure for common nouns. Each layer matches up with a semantic entity of a certain type in Montague’s intensional semantics. It is argued that a common noun denotes a sense and a concept, which are functions. For any given context, the sense of a term determines its extensions and the concept denoted by the term specifies its intensions. Intensions are treated as sets of senses. The membership relation between a sense and an intension is a soft kind and is expressed in the form of a generic sentence. Such a layered structure explains various “degrees of publicity” of a language. The result we present clarifies the confusions existing in the ordinary understanding of “sense,” “intension,” and “concept.” It also has promising applications in interpreting metaphors and revealing the relationship between generics and metaphors.  相似文献   
75.
    
Prior research in social psychology indicates that East Asians from collectivistic and interdependent sociocultural systems are more sensitive to contextual information than Westerners, whereas Westerners with individualistic and independent representation have a tendency to process focal and discrete attributes of the environment. Here we have demonstrated that such systematic cultural variations can also be observed in cyberspace, focusing on self‐presentation of photographs on Facebook, the most popular worldwide online social network site. We examined cultural differences in face/frame ratios for Facebook profile photographs in two studies. For Study 1, 200 digital profile face photographs of active Facebook users were randomly selected from native and immigrant Taiwanese and Americans. For Study 2, 312 Facebook profiles of undergraduate students of six public universities in East Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan) and the United States (California and Texas) were randomly selected. Overall, the two studies clearly showed that East Asian Facebook users are more likely to deemphasize their faces compared to Americans. Specifically, East Asians living in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan exhibited a predilection for context inclusiveness in their profile photographs, whereas Americans tended to prioritize their focal face at the expense of the background. Moreover, East Asian Facebook users had lower intensity of facial expression than Americans on their photographs. These results demonstrate marked cultural differences in context‐inclusive styles versus object‐focused styles between East Asian and American Facebook users. Our findings extend previous findings from the real world to cyberspace, and provide a novel approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform.  相似文献   
76.
    
Nanoparticles on the fracture surfaces of Co- and Fe-based metallic glasses during quasi-static compression at room temperature have been observed using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope. In terms of the differential scanning calorimeter, those nanoparticles were identified to be a result of nanocrystallization induced by the rapid fracture. Finally, the nanocrystallization behavior was evaluated by taking into account the super-high crack propagation rate and high elastic energy, which contributed to the local temperature rise up to the onset of crystallization, T x.  相似文献   
77.
78.
Mental retardation affects 2 to 3% of the US population. It is defined by broad criteria, including significantly subaverage intelligence, onset by age 18, and impaired function in a group of adaptive skills. A myriad of genetic and environmental causes have been described, but for approximately half of individuals diagnosed with mental retardation the molecular basis remains unknown. Genomic microarrays, also called array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH), represent one of several novel technologies that allow the detection of chromosomal abnormalities, such as microdeletions and microduplications, in a rapid, high throughput fashion from genomic DNA samples. In one early application of this technology, genomic microarrays have been used to characterize the extent of chromosomal changes in a group of patients diagnosed with one particular type of disorder that causes mental retardation, such as deletion 1p36 syndrome. In another application, DNA samples from individuals with idiopathic mental retardation have been assayed to scan the entire genome in attempts to identify chromosomal changes. Genomic microarrays offer both a genome-wide perspective of chromosomal aberrations as well as higher resolution (to the level of approximately one megabase) compared to alternative available technologies.  相似文献   
79.
    
Deficit in decision‐making has been found in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD), respectively, while the common and distinct characteristics of this deficit among these patients are still unclear. The present study aimed to make a transdiagnostic comparison of the affective decision‐making ability in patients with SCZ, MDD, and BD. In this study, 33 patients with SCZ, 23 patients with MDD, 29 patients with BD, and 34 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was used to assess the affective decision‐making ability. The results showed that all three diagnostic groups tended to select the disadvantageous decks but not advantageous decks compared to HCs. For patients with SCZ, an excessive preference for the disadvantageous decks with larger‐magnitude less frequent punishments (deck B) may be the main reason of the deficit in affective decision‐making, while that in patients with MDD was a significantly decreased ability to choose advantageous decks on the whole but with larger‐magnitude less frequent punishments (deck D). As regards patients with BD, the concurrence of more choices of deck B and fewer choices of deck D was the characteristic of the deficit in affective decision‐making. Our findings suggest a common affective decision‐making impairment in the context of multiple choices in patients with SCZ, MDD, and BD, while the underlying mechanisms of the impairment among these patients may be slightly different.  相似文献   
80.
在MCAT中考查四种项目选择指标在有无曝光控制条件下的选题表现。项目选择指标分别是:(1)贝叶斯的D优化方法(D-optimality)、后验期望Kullback-Leibler方法(KLP)、基于等权重复合分数的最小误差方差方法(the minimized error variance of the linear combination score with equal weight,V1)和基于最优权重复合分数的最小误差方差方法(the minimized error variance of the composite score with optimized weight,V2)。将针对认知诊断CAT项目曝光控制的的限制阈值方法(Restrictive Threshold,RT)和限制进度(Restrictive Progressive,RPG)方法、单维CAT中的最大优先指标方法(Maximum Priority Index,MPI)推广到MCAT。模拟研究表明:(1)KLP,D-优化和V1对领域分数估计准确,能力返真性比V2更好。(2)尽管V1和V2方法相比KLP和D-优化方法提高了题库利用率,但这四种选题指标都产生不均匀的项目曝光率分布。(2)三种曝光控制策略都极大地提高项目曝光均匀性,且不明显降低测量精度。(3)MPI与RPG方法在曝光控制方面表现类似,且比RT的方法表现更好。  相似文献   
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