Single-featured forms (vertical and horizontal lines) were presented to Ss both successively and simultaneously, the same form being presented one, two, or four times. Hit rates (HRs)for both simultaneous and successive presentations of two and four forms exceed the single-form HR. The HR for four successively presented forms (1F4) exceeds the four simultaneous form (4F) HR. The HR increases in the simultaneous conditions were not found in a previous study using single-featured forms. The discrepant results of the two studies indicate that energy level of stimulus presentation and confusability among forms affect the magnitude of HR increase in the simultaneous conditions. The finding of a greater 1F4 HR than 4F agreed with previous findings, indicating that with single-featured stimulus forms, Ss do not process simultaneous displays in parallel. 相似文献
The parallel processing hypothesis predicts no difference in hit rate (HR) for identical forms presented simultaneously or successively. This was tested in two experiments differing only in the number of features distinguishing stimulus forms: (1) one feature (Landolt Cs); (2) multiple features (the graphemes A, T, U). Each experiment had three conditions: (1) single form, (2) four simultaneous forms, (3) four successive forms. The major finding was a lack of HR increase for four simultaneous Cs over one C. HRs for successive Cs and both multiple letter conditions sharply increased over the one form condition. Results call into question the level at which parallel processing occurs. Three decision models, all assuming perceptual independence, were tested. None fit all the data. 相似文献
Racial/ethnic minority youth receive approximately half of the mental health services of their non-minority peers. Improved methods for identifying African American families in need of behavioral health services are necessary. The Family Assessment Device and General Functioning subscale have been found to be reliable and able to detect family functioning impairment in a generalized sample, but less is known about the reliability and validity of the assessment with an African American community sample. Data from 53 African American caregiver-child (ages 7–13) dyads was collected including family demographics and the Family Assessment Device General Functioning (FAD_GF) scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine the minimal number of FAD_GF items (12 vs. 6 items) that were valid and reliable. The 12-item FAD_GF and the 6-item scale had acceptable psychometric properties, and the 6-item measure demonstrated improved model fit over the 12-item scale and identified more clinically impaired families (6-item: 28% vs. 12-item: 23%). The 6-item measure of family functioning was more sensitive 12-item FAD_GF. This brief measure may prove useful for identifying and assessing African American families.
This study examined the phenomenology of hairpulling in a large nonclinical college student sample. Given that hairpulling
is conceptualized as occurring on a continuum of severity, we expected to inform the assessment and treatment of Trichotillomania
(TTM) by examining hairpulling behavior across its range of presentation. Hairpulling occurred at a rate of 9.7%, while average
age of onset was 13.57 years. Self-reported hairpulling styles were identified with 31.3% endorsing focused hairpulling, while
68.7% endorsed an automatic hairpulling style. The most commonly endorsed ritual was “examine the root (37.3%) while the scalp
was the most frequently endorsed hairpulling site (49%). Eyelashes were more frequently endorsed as a pulling site by focused
(43.8) compared to automatic (5.7%) hairpullers. The hairpulling environments most often endorsed were “while reading” and
“while studying” (75%). Affective states were found to change across the pulling cycle in support of hairpulling serving in
an emotion regulation capacity. Focused hairpullers endorsed significantly higher trait anxiety than automatic hairpullers.
Depression scores (BDI) were elevated for hairpullers compared to non-hairpullers. Implications for assessment and treatment
were discussed and directions for future research were provided. 相似文献
Marriage and Family Therapists (MFTs), undoubtedly, will be working with clients who are overweight and are working on their weight-related behaviors (WRB). Yet, little is known about MFTs' approach with this population. Our purpose was to survey MFT students, faculty, and licensed clinicians about their current practices, training, beliefs, and theoretical perspectives of working with clients who are overweight and WRB. One-hundred eight participants completed an electronic mixed-method survey. Participants reported that they were not trained to work with overweight clients on WRB, but strongly believed they should be. Contextual differences, implications for training, and future research are discussed herein. 相似文献
This study analyzed family influences on treatment refusal in school-linked mental health services (SLMHS). Specifically,
it assessed whether levels of family cohesion, conflict, and organization were related to whether a family refused to initiate
recommended treatment. Children (N = 133) referred for emotional and behavioral problems and their families participated. Results indicated that (1) family
environment factors explained a significant amount of variance in treatment refusal after controlling for demographic factors,
(2) families of children with predominantly internalizing symptoms were at greater risk for refusing treatment than families
of children with predominantly externalizing symptoms, and (3) lower level of family cohesion was an individual risk factor
for refusing treatment. Incorporating an evaluation of family environment within SLMHS assessments may aid in the identification
of areas wherein intervention may be beneficial in preventing treatment refusal. 相似文献
Safety behaviors are subtle avoidance strategies for minimizing distress within social situations (e.g., avoidance of eye contact). These behaviors factor prominently in the development and maintenance of social anxiety concerns, and when patients use these behaviors within psychosocial treatments for social anxiety, this may impede treatment response. Prior work supports the need to include measures of safety behaviors within evidence-based assessments of social anxiety. Along these lines, researchers developed the Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination (SAFE) to assess safety behaviors among adults. However, we know relatively little about the SAFE’s psychometric properties when administered to adolescents. We tested the SAFE’s psychometric properties using adolescent self-reports and parallel parent reports in a mixed-clinical/community sample of 96 14 to 15 year-old adolescents and their parents (33 clinic-referred; 63 community control; 59.4% African American). Adolescent and parent SAFE reports displayed moderate correspondence with each other. Both adolescent and parent SAFE reports related positively to well-established measures of adolescent social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Both reports distinguished adolescents on referral status as well as cut scores on well-established measures of adolescent social anxiety. Further, both adolescent and parent SAFE reports displayed incremental validity in relation to survey reports of adolescent social anxiety, over-and-above survey reports of adolescent depressive symptoms, which commonly co-occur with social anxiety. However, adolescent (but not parent) SAFE reports predicted adolescents’ social anxiety and state arousal as displayed within social interactions with unfamiliar peer confederates. These findings have important implications for leveraging multi-informant approaches to assessing safety behaviors among adolescents. 相似文献